{"id":55975,"date":"2026-08-26T11:08:13","date_gmt":"2026-08-26T09:08:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.nzp.de\/?p=55975"},"modified":"2026-08-26T11:08:13","modified_gmt":"2026-08-26T09:08:13","slug":"hormuz-and-the-black-sea-a-lesson-from-history","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.nzp.de\/cat\/hormuz-i-el-mar-negre-una-llico-de-la-historia\/","title":{"rendered":"Hormuz i el Mar Negre: una lli\u00e7\u00f3 de la hist\u00f2ria"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Sempre que les tensions augmenten al Golf d'Ormuz, l'atenci\u00f3 es dirigeix naturalment als mercats energ\u00e8tics, als desplegaments navals i a la llibertat de navegaci\u00f3. Tanmateix, tamb\u00e9 hi ha una lli\u00e7\u00f3 hist\u00f2rica que val la pena considerar. Les vies navegables estrat\u00e8giques no nom\u00e9s controlen l'acc\u00e9s a un estret. En certes circumst\u00e0ncies, poden determinar el dest\u00ed d'un mar sencer.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134245529&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:140,&quot;335559740&quot;:269}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">El Mar Negre proporciona un exemple sorprenent.<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134245529&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:140,&quot;335559740&quot;:269}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Avui l'atenci\u00f3 internacional se centra en Hormuz perqu\u00e8 serveix de porta d'entrada al Golf P\u00e8rsic. Una part significativa de les exportacions mundials d'energia passa per aquest corredor estret. La preocupaci\u00f3 \u00e9s senzilla: si l'acc\u00e9s pel pas mar\u00edtim es veu interromput, les conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncies s'estenen molt m\u00e9s enll\u00e0 de la regi\u00f3 immediata.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134245529&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:140,&quot;335559740&quot;:269}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">La hist\u00f2ria demostra que les preocupacions similars no s\u00f3n noves.<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134245529&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:140,&quot;335559740&quot;:269}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Durant segles, el control del B\u00f2sfor i dels Dardanels va atorgar a l'Imperi Otom\u00e0 una influ\u00e8ncia extraordin\u00e0ria sobre l'acc\u00e9s al Mar Negre. Despr\u00e9s de la conquesta de Constantinopla, les autoritats otomanes van establir gradualment un sistema segons el qual les pot\u00e8ncies estrangeres tenien nom\u00e9s un acc\u00e9s limitat al comer\u00e7 i a la navegaci\u00f3 al Mar Negre. Tot i que el Mar Negre mai no va deixar formalment de ser una via d'aigua internacional, cada vegada funcionava m\u00e9s com una esfera estrat\u00e8gica exclusiva controlada a trav\u00e9s dels estrets.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134245529&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:140,&quot;335559740&quot;:269}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">En termes pr\u00e0ctics, el Mar Negre va estar a punt de convertir-se en un espai mar\u00edtim tancat.<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134245529&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:140,&quot;335559740&quot;:269}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Com a autor de V\u00f6lkerrechtliche Rechtslage des Kaspischen Meeres (L'estatut jur\u00eddic internacional del mar Caspi), he dedicat anys a examinar com la geografia, la pol\u00edtica i el dret internacional interactuen en regions mar\u00edtimes d'import\u00e0ncia estrat\u00e8gica. Una lli\u00e7\u00f3 recurrent \u00e9s que el control d'un pas estret sovint importa m\u00e9s que el control del mar mateix. El poder de regular l'entrada i la sortida pot acabar configurant tot el car\u00e0cter jur\u00eddic i pol\u00edtic d'una conca mar\u00edtima.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134245529&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:140,&quot;335559740&quot;:269}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">L'ordre jur\u00eddic modern es va desenvolupar en part com a resposta a aquesta realitat. El dret internacional, en general, afavoreix la navegaci\u00f3 oberta i pret\u00e9n evitar que els punts d'estrangulament estrat\u00e8gics es converteixin en instruments de control exclusiu. Tanmateix, els debats recents entorn d'Hormuz demostren que les tensions subjacents no han desaparegut.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134245529&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:140,&quot;335559740&quot;:269}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">El r\u00e8gim actual del Mar Negre est\u00e0 configurat sobretot per la Convenci\u00f3 de Montreux de 1936 relativa al r\u00e8gim dels Estrets. La seva soluci\u00f3 \u00e9s deliberadament equilibrada. D'una banda, Turquia gaudeix d'una posici\u00f3 especial i exclusiva com a estat territorial que controla el B\u00f2sfor, el mar de M\u00e0rmara i els Dardanels. Rep notificacions pr\u00e8vies per al pas de vaixells de guerra, aplica limitacions detallades al tr\u00e0nsit naval i pot exercir un ampli marge de discrecionalitat en temps de guerra o quan es considera amena\u00e7ada per un perill imminent de guerra. Aquestes normes atorguen a Turquia un paper de guardian que cap altre estat costaner del Mar Negre posseeix.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:140,&quot;335559740&quot;:269}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">D'altra banda, el mateix r\u00e8gim preserva l'obertura essencial de la ruta. Els vaixells mercants continuen gaudint de llibertat de pas pels Estrets Turcs en temps de pau, subjectes a les normes de seguretat de la navegaci\u00f3 i de gesti\u00f3 del tr\u00e0nsit. Les restriccions s'adrecen principalment als vaixells de guerra, especialment els pertanyents a estats no riberenys del Mar Negre, que es veuen sotmesos a l\u00edmits de tonatge, durada de l'estada i notificaci\u00f3 pr\u00e8via. D'aquesta manera, Montreux no tanca simplement el Mar Negre darrere d'una porta turca. M\u00e9s aviat, separa la navegaci\u00f3 comercial de la projecci\u00f3 de poder naval: el comer\u00e7 roman obert, mentre que l'acc\u00e9s militar es regula en inter\u00e8s de l'estabilitat regional.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:140,&quot;335559740&quot;:269}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">La comparaci\u00f3 entre Hormuz i el Mar Negre \u00e9s, per tant, m\u00e9s que una curiositat hist\u00f2rica. Ambdues regions posen de relleu la import\u00e0ncia estrat\u00e8gica de les vies mar\u00edtimes. Ambdues ens recorden que l'acc\u00e9s pot ser tan important com el territori. I ambdues demostren com el control d'un sol estret pot influir en la seguretat i la prosperitat d'una regi\u00f3 sencera.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134245529&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:140,&quot;335559740&quot;:269}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">La hist\u00f2ria del Mar Negre ofereix una advert\u00e8ncia \u00fatil. Els mars no s\u00f3n entitats geogr\u00e0fiques a\u00efllades. La seva obertura sovint dep\u00e8n dels estrets que els connecten amb el m\u00f3n m\u00e9s ampli.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134245529&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:140,&quot;335559740&quot;:269}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00c9s per aix\u00f2 que els esdeveniments al Golf d'Ormuz s\u00f3n importants no nom\u00e9s per al Golf P\u00e8rsic, sin\u00f3 tamb\u00e9 per a l'ordre internacional m\u00e9s ampli que dep\u00e8n de la llibertat de navegaci\u00f3 i de l'acc\u00e9s a les rutes comercials globals.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134245529&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:140,&quot;335559740&quot;:269}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Whenever tensions rise in the Strait of Hormuz, attention naturally turns to energy markets, naval deployments and freedom of navigation. Yet there is also a historical lesson worth considering. Strategic waterways do not merely control access to a strait. Under certain circumstances, they can determine the fate of an entire sea.\u00a0 The Black Sea provides [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":29,"featured_media":55976,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[139],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-55975","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news-en"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.0.1 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Whenever tensions rise in the Strait of Hormuz, attention naturally turns to energy markets, naval deployments and freedom of navigation. Yet there is also a historical lesson worth considering. Strategic waterways do not merely control access to a strait. 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