{"id":55357,"date":"2023-12-18T10:39:29","date_gmt":"2023-12-18T09:39:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.nzp.de\/?p=55357"},"modified":"2026-08-06T10:46:41","modified_gmt":"2026-08-06T08:46:41","slug":"dual-use-items-and-technologies-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.nzp.de\/es\/dual-use-items-and-technologies-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Dual-Use Items and Technologies"},"content":{"rendered":"<style>\na {\n    text-decoration: none;\n    color: #464feb;\n}\ntr th, tr td {\n    border: 1px solid #e6e6e6;\n}\ntr th {\n    background-color: #f5f5f5;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div>\n<p>The legal regulation of dual-use items and technologies is highly complex. Extensive EU and Hungarian legislation governs this area. In this article, we summarize the ten most important aspects. Failure to comply with registration and licensing requirements can have serious consequences and may even constitute a criminal offense.<\/p>\n<h2>1. What are dual-use items and technologies?<\/h2>\n<p>Dual-use items and technologies are products and technologies that can be used for both civilian and military purposes.<\/p>\n<p>The precise definition is set out in Regulation (EU) 2021\/821, which is directly applicable throughout the European Union and serves as the primary legal source in this field. According to the Regulation, dual-use items include products that, in addition to civilian applications, can be used for the design, development, production, or use of nuclear, chemical, or biological weapons and their delivery systems.<\/p>\n<h2>2. Dual-use items requiring authorization<\/h2>\n<p>The list of controlled products is contained in Regulation (EU) 2021\/821, specifically Annex I. This extensive annex specifies which products are subject to prior authorization.<\/p>\n<p>Because Hungary is a party to all major non-proliferation agreements regulating trade in dual-use goods, relevant categories include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Nuclear materials, facilities, and equipment<\/li>\n<li>Special materials and related equipment<\/li>\n<li>Materials processing<\/li>\n<li>Electronics<\/li>\n<li>Computers<\/li>\n<li>Telecommunications and information security<\/li>\n<li>Sensors<\/li>\n<li>Navigation and avionics<\/li>\n<li>Marine technologies<\/li>\n<li>Aerospace and propulsion systems.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In addition to EU legislation, several Hungarian government decrees regulate domestic trade in such items and must be interpreted together with EU law.<\/p>\n<h2>3. Trade and distribution<\/h2>\n<p>The detailed regulation of dual-use trade is largely left to national authorities by the EU Regulation. In Hungary, Government Decree No. 13\/2011 (II. 22.) governs the licensing of foreign trade involving dual-use products.<\/p>\n<p>The Government has designated the Budapest Capital Government Office as the competent foreign trade authority. Its Export Control Department is responsible for:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Export licenses<\/li>\n<li>Transfer licenses<\/li>\n<li>Brokering licenses<\/li>\n<li>Transit licenses<\/li>\n<li>Monitoring imports from non-EU countries<\/li>\n<li>Issuing International Import Certificates<\/li>\n<li>Conducting consultations related to international obligations<\/li>\n<li>Implementing international agreements<\/li>\n<li>Administering export licensing under international sanctions regimes<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>For nuclear products, separate rules apply under Government Decree No. 144\/2011 (VII. 27.).<\/p>\n<h2>4. Registration<\/h2>\n<p>The first indispensable step for any individual or company intending to trade in dual-use products is registration with the competent authority.<\/p>\n<p>The application concerns the registration of the exporter in the register of companies engaged in foreign trade of dual-use items. Various supporting documents must be attached as prescribed by Government Decree No. 13\/2011.<\/p>\n<h2>5. Export licenses<\/h2>\n<p>After domestic registration has been completed, both EU law and Hungarian regulations must be applied.<\/p>\n<p>There are three principal types of export authorization:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Union General Export Authorization<\/li>\n<li>Individual Export Authorization<\/li>\n<li>Global Export Authorization<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>For large-scale projects, additional documentation may also be required.<\/p>\n<h2>6. Import<\/h2>\n<p>The import of dual-use items into Hungary may likewise require authorization, such as a National Import Certificate.<\/p>\n<h2>7. Transfer and transit<\/h2>\n<p>Transport through or within the European Union may also constitute a licensed activity. Therefore, the detailed legal provisions governing transfers and transit operations must be carefully examined.<\/p>\n<h2>8. Technical assistance<\/h2>\n<p>Technical assistance includes activities relating to the repair, development, manufacture, assembly, testing, maintenance, or other technical services connected with dual-use products or technologies. This may include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Education and training<\/li>\n<li>Consulting services<\/li>\n<li>Transfer of know-how or experience<\/li>\n<li>Electronic support<\/li>\n<li>Telephone support<\/li>\n<li>Other forms of technical guidance<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>As a general rule, technical assistance also requires authorization, although the legislation provides certain exceptions.<\/p>\n<h2>9. Embargoes<\/h2>\n<p>Until 2022, embargoes were largely a theoretical issue within the EU and neighboring European countries. However, as a consequence of the Russia-Ukraine conflict, embargoes have become a very real consideration.<\/p>\n<p>If either the country of origin or destination is subject to an embargo, special care must be exercised due to applicable EU sanctions regulations. An example is Council Regulation (EU) 2022\/328, which significantly tightened and in some cases prohibited exports and imports connected to Russia.<\/p>\n<h2>10. Misuse of dual-use items<\/h2>\n<p>\u201cMisuse of dual-use items\u201d is also a criminal offense under Section 330 of the Hungarian Criminal Code.<\/p>\n<p>A person who:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Places dual-use items into foreign trade without authorization,<\/li>\n<li>Exceeds the scope of an authorization,<\/li>\n<li>Transfers dual-use items within the customs territory of the European Union without the required authorization, or<\/li>\n<li>Uses dual-use items contrary to the terms of an authorization,<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>may be punished by imprisonment from one to five years.<\/p>\n<p>This demonstrates that the legislator treats violations of dual-use export control rules very seriously. Because the offense is classified as a felony, the applicable penalty starts with imprisonment. Consequently, particular care is required when exporting or importing such products.<\/p>\n<p>If you have any questions regarding this subject or if the trade of dual-use items and technologies is relevant to you or your company, please feel free to contact our law firm.<\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The legal regulation of dual-use items and technologies is highly complex. Extensive EU and Hungarian legislation governs this area. In this article, we summarize the ten most important aspects. Failure to comply with registration and licensing requirements can have serious consequences and may even constitute a criminal offense. 1. What are dual-use items and technologies? [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":55358,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[139],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-55357","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news-en"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.0.1 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The legal regulation of dual-use items and technologies is highly complex. Extensive EU and Hungarian legislation governs this area. In this article, we summarize the ten most important aspects. Failure to comply with registration and licensing requirements can have serious consequences and may even constitute a criminal offense. 1. 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