{"id":55975,"date":"2026-08-26T11:08:13","date_gmt":"2026-08-26T09:08:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.nzp.de\/?p=55975"},"modified":"2026-08-26T11:08:13","modified_gmt":"2026-08-26T09:08:13","slug":"hormuz-and-the-black-sea-a-lesson-from-history","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.nzp.de\/es\/hormuz-y-el-mar-negro-una-leccion-de-la-historia\/","title":{"rendered":"Ormuz y el Mar Negro: una lecci\u00f3n de la historia"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Cada vez que aumentan las tensiones en el estrecho de Ormuz, la atenci\u00f3n se centra, como es natural, en los mercados energ\u00e9ticos, los despliegues navales y la libertad de navegaci\u00f3n. Sin embargo, tambi\u00e9n hay una lecci\u00f3n hist\u00f3rica que merece la pena tener en cuenta. Las v\u00edas navegables estrat\u00e9gicas no se limitan a controlar el acceso a un estrecho. En determinadas circunstancias, pueden determinar el destino de todo un mar.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134245529&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:140,&quot;335559740&quot;:269}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">El Mar Negro constituye un ejemplo llamativo.<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134245529&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:140,&quot;335559740&quot;:269}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Hoy en d\u00eda, la atenci\u00f3n internacional se centra en Ormuz porque constituye la puerta de entrada al Golfo P\u00e9rsico. Una parte importante de las exportaciones energ\u00e9ticas mundiales pasa por este estrecho corredor. La preocupaci\u00f3n es clara: si se interrumpe el acceso a trav\u00e9s del estrecho, las consecuencias se extienden mucho m\u00e1s all\u00e1 de la regi\u00f3n inmediata.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134245529&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:140,&quot;335559740&quot;:269}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">La historia demuestra que este tipo de preocupaciones no son nada nuevo.<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134245529&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:140,&quot;335559740&quot;:269}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Durante siglos, el control del B\u00f3sforo y los Dardanelos otorg\u00f3 al Imperio Otomano una influencia extraordinaria sobre el acceso al mar Negro. Tras la conquista de Constantinopla, las autoridades otomanas establecieron gradualmente un sistema en virtud del cual las potencias extranjeras solo ten\u00edan un acceso limitado al comercio y la navegaci\u00f3n en el Mar Negro. Aunque el Mar Negro nunca dej\u00f3 de ser oficialmente una masa de agua internacional, funcionaba cada vez m\u00e1s como una esfera estrat\u00e9gica exclusiva controlada a trav\u00e9s de los estrechos.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134245529&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:140,&quot;335559740&quot;:269}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">En la pr\u00e1ctica, el mar Negro estuvo a un paso de convertirse en un espacio mar\u00edtimo cerrado.<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134245529&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:140,&quot;335559740&quot;:269}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Como autor de *V\u00f6lkerrechtliche Rechtslage des Kaspischen Meeres* (La situaci\u00f3n jur\u00eddica internacional del mar Caspio), he dedicado a\u00f1os a analizar c\u00f3mo interact\u00faan la geograf\u00eda, la pol\u00edtica y el derecho internacional en regiones mar\u00edtimas de importancia estrat\u00e9gica. Una lecci\u00f3n recurrente es que el control sobre un estrecho paso suele ser m\u00e1s importante que el control sobre el propio mar. El poder de regular la entrada y la salida puede, en \u00faltima instancia, determinar todo el car\u00e1cter jur\u00eddico y pol\u00edtico de una cuenca mar\u00edtima.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134245529&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:140,&quot;335559740&quot;:269}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">El orden jur\u00eddico moderno se desarroll\u00f3, en parte, como respuesta a esta realidad. El derecho internacional favorece, en general, la libre navegaci\u00f3n y trata de evitar que los estrechos estrat\u00e9gicos se conviertan en instrumentos de control exclusivo. Sin embargo, los recientes debates en torno a Ormuz demuestran que las tensiones subyacentes no han desaparecido.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134245529&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:140,&quot;335559740&quot;:269}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">El r\u00e9gimen actual del Mar Negro viene determinado, sobre todo, por la Convenci\u00f3n de Montreux de 1936 relativa al r\u00e9gimen de los estrechos. Su soluci\u00f3n es deliberadamente equilibrada. Por un lado, Turqu\u00eda goza de una posici\u00f3n especial y exclusiva como Estado territorial que controla el B\u00f3sforo, el mar de M\u00e1rmara y los Dardanelos. Recibe notificaciones previas sobre el paso de buques de guerra, aplica limitaciones detalladas al tr\u00e1nsito naval y puede ejercer una amplia discrecionalidad en tiempo de guerra o cuando se considere amenazada por un peligro inminente de guerra. Estas normas otorgan a Turqu\u00eda un papel de guardi\u00e1n que ning\u00fan otro Estado ribere\u00f1o del Mar Negro posee.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:140,&quot;335559740&quot;:269}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Por otra parte, ese mismo r\u00e9gimen preserva la apertura esencial de la ruta. Los buques mercantes siguen disfrutando de libertad de paso por los estrechos turcos en tiempos de paz, con sujeci\u00f3n a las normas de seguridad de la navegaci\u00f3n y de gesti\u00f3n del tr\u00e1fico. Las restricciones se dirigen principalmente a los buques de guerra, especialmente a los que pertenecen a Estados no ribere\u00f1os del Mar Negro, que se enfrentan a l\u00edmites en cuanto al arqueo, la duraci\u00f3n de la estancia y la notificaci\u00f3n previa. De este modo, el Convenio de Montreux no se limita a cerrar el mar Negro tras una \u00abpuerta\u00bb turca. M\u00e1s bien, separa la navegaci\u00f3n comercial de la proyecci\u00f3n del poder naval: el comercio permanece abierto, mientras que el acceso militar se regula en aras de la estabilidad regional.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:140,&quot;335559740&quot;:269}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">La comparaci\u00f3n entre Ormuz y el Mar Negro es, por lo tanto, algo m\u00e1s que una simple curiosidad hist\u00f3rica. Ambas regiones ponen de relieve la importancia estrat\u00e9gica de las v\u00edas de acceso mar\u00edtimas. Ambas nos recuerdan que el acceso puede ser tan importante como el territorio. Y ambas demuestran c\u00f3mo el control de un solo estrecho puede influir en la seguridad y la prosperidad de toda una regi\u00f3n.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134245529&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:140,&quot;335559740&quot;:269}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">La historia del Mar Negro nos ofrece una advertencia \u00fatil. Los mares no son entidades geogr\u00e1ficas aisladas. Su apertura depende a menudo de los estrechos pasajes que los conectan con el resto del mundo.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134245529&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:140,&quot;335559740&quot;:269}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Por eso, los acontecimientos que se producen en el estrecho de Ormuz son importantes no solo para el Golfo P\u00e9rsico, sino tambi\u00e9n para el orden internacional en general, que depende de la libertad de navegaci\u00f3n y del acceso a las rutas comerciales mundiales.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134245529&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:140,&quot;335559740&quot;:269}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Whenever tensions rise in the Strait of Hormuz, attention naturally turns to energy markets, naval deployments and freedom of navigation. Yet there is also a historical lesson worth considering. Strategic waterways do not merely control access to a strait. Under certain circumstances, they can determine the fate of an entire sea.\u00a0 The Black Sea provides [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":29,"featured_media":55976,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[139],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-55975","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news-en"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.0.1 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Whenever tensions rise in the Strait of Hormuz, attention naturally turns to energy markets, naval deployments and freedom of navigation. Yet there is also a historical lesson worth considering. Strategic waterways do not merely control access to a strait. 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