{"id":55397,"date":"2017-08-24T14:26:55","date_gmt":"2017-08-24T12:26:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.nzp.de\/?p=55397"},"modified":"2026-08-06T14:30:57","modified_gmt":"2026-08-06T12:30:57","slug":"the-chair-of-the-supervisory-board-in-times-of-modern-corporate-governance","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.nzp.de\/hun\/the-chair-of-the-supervisory-board-in-times-of-modern-corporate-governance\/","title":{"rendered":"A fel\u00fcgyel\u0151bizotts\u00e1g eln\u00f6ke a modern v\u00e1llalatir\u00e1ny\u00edt\u00e1s kor\u00e1ban"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Mivel a jogi k\u00f6telezetts\u00e9gek sz\u00e1ma folyamatosan n\u00f6vekszik, \u00e9s a jogalkot\u00f3k, valamint a b\u00edr\u00f3s\u00e1gok egyre szigor\u00edtj\u00e1k a vezet\u0151i felel\u0151ss\u00e9get, a fel\u00fcgyel\u0151bizotts\u00e1gok munk\u00e1ja egyre nagyobb figyelmet kap. A l\u00e9nyegesen magasabb k\u00f6vetelm\u00e9nyprofil \u00e9s a jelent\u0151sen megn\u00f6vekedett felel\u0151ss\u00e9gi kock\u00e1zatok k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen a fel\u00fcgyel\u0151bizotts\u00e1gok eln\u00f6keit \u00e9s a speci\u00e1lis felel\u0151ss\u00e9gi ter\u00fcletekkel rendelkez\u0151 tagokat \u00e9rintik.<\/p>\n<p>I. Bevezet\u00e9s<br \/>\nA n\u00e9met r\u00e9szv\u00e9nyt\u00e1rsas\u00e1gi jog kifejezetten el\u0151\u00edrja, hogy a fel\u00fcgyel\u0151bizotts\u00e1gnak \u2013 az igazgat\u00f3s\u00e1ggal ellent\u00e9tben \u2013 tagjai k\u00f6z\u00fcl kell eln\u00f6k\u00f6t v\u00e1lasztania (az AktG 107. \u00a7 (2) bekezd\u00e9se). A fel\u00fcgyel\u0151bizotts\u00e1g eln\u00f6ki tiszts\u00e9ge teh\u00e1t t\u00f6rv\u00e9nyben el\u0151\u00edrt, b\u00e1r nem k\u00e9pez \u00f6n\u00e1ll\u00f3 t\u00e1rsas\u00e1gi szervet. \u00c1ltal\u00e1nos szab\u00e1lyk\u00e9nt a fel\u00fcgyel\u0151bizotts\u00e1g eln\u00f6ke ez\u00e9rt kiz\u00e1r\u00f3lag a fel\u00fcgyel\u0151bizotts\u00e1g eg\u00e9sz\u00e9nek hat\u00e1rozatai keretein bel\u00fcl j\u00e1rhat el. Mindazon\u00e1ltal az eln\u00f6k t\u00f6bb, mint puszt\u00e1n \u201eprimus inter pares\u201d (els\u0151 a t\u00e1rsaik k\u00f6z\u00f6tt), amit m\u00e1r az is j\u00f3l mutat, hogy az AktG 100. \u00a7 (2) bekezd\u00e9s\u00e9nek 1. mondata 1. pontja \u00e9s 3. mondata \u00e9rtelm\u00e9ben az eln\u00f6ki mand\u00e1tumokat k\u00e9tszer sz\u00e1m\u00edtj\u00e1k bele a fel\u00fcgyel\u0151bizotts\u00e1gi mand\u00e1tumok teljes sz\u00e1m\u00e1ba. Ezen fel\u00fcl a fel\u00fcgyel\u0151bizotts\u00e1g eln\u00f6k\u00e9t minden t\u00e1rsas\u00e1gi \u00fczleti lev\u00e9lben (az AktG 80. \u00a7 (1) bekezd\u00e9s\u00e9nek 1. mondata) \u00e9s a t\u00e1rsas\u00e1g \u00e9ves p\u00e9nz\u00fcgyi besz\u00e1mol\u00f3j\u00e1nak megjegyz\u00e9seiben (a HGB 285. \u00a7 10. pontj\u00e1nak 2. mondata) ilyen min\u0151s\u00e9g\u00e9ben kell felt\u00fcntetni.<\/p>\n<p>II. A fel\u00fcgyel\u0151bizotts\u00e1g eln\u00f6k\u00e9nek hat\u00e1sk\u00f6rei<br \/>\nA n\u00e9met r\u00e9szv\u00e9nyt\u00e1rsas\u00e1gi t\u00f6rv\u00e9ny nem tartalmaz olyan rendelkez\u00e9st, amely \u00e1tfog\u00f3an meghat\u00e1rozn\u00e1 a fel\u00fcgyel\u0151bizotts\u00e1g eln\u00f6k\u00e9nek k\u00f6telezetts\u00e9geit \u00e9s feladatait. Ugyanakkor a t\u00f6rv\u00e9ny t\u00f6bb pontj\u00e1n kifejezetten szab\u00e1lyoznak sz\u00e1mos k\u00fcl\u00f6nleges jogosults\u00e1got \u00e9s hat\u00e1sk\u00f6rt. P\u00e9ld\u00e1ul az AktG 90. \u00a7 (1) bekezd\u00e9se szerinti, az igazgat\u00f3s\u00e1gnak a fel\u00fcgyel\u0151bizotts\u00e1g fel\u00e9 fenn\u00e1ll\u00f3 \u00e1ltal\u00e1nos jelent\u00e9st\u00e9teli k\u00f6telezetts\u00e9g\u00e9n t\u00falmen\u0151en az igazgat\u00f3s\u00e1gnak \u201cegy\u00e9b fontos esetekben\u201d k\u00f6zvetlen\u00fcl a fel\u00fcgyel\u0151bizotts\u00e1g eln\u00f6k\u00e9nek kell jelent\u00e9st tennie (AktG 90. \u00a7 (3) bekezd\u00e9s). A fel\u00fcgyel\u0151bizotts\u00e1g eln\u00f6ke vezeti a fel\u00fcgyel\u0151bizotts\u00e1gi \u00fcl\u00e9seket, \u00e9s al\u00e1\u00edrja az azokr\u00f3l k\u00e9sz\u00edtett jegyz\u0151k\u00f6nyveket (az AktG 107. \u00a7 (3) bekezd\u00e9se). Az eln\u00f6k megtilthatja m\u00e1s fel\u00fcgyel\u0151bizotts\u00e1gi tagoknak, hogy olyan fel\u00fcgyel\u0151bizotts\u00e1gi bizotts\u00e1gi \u00fcl\u00e9sen vegyenek r\u00e9szt, amelynek nem tagjai (az AktG 109. \u00a7 (2) bekezd\u00e9se). A fel\u00fcgyel\u0151bizotts\u00e1g eln\u00f6ke az igazgat\u00f3s\u00e1g tagjaival egy\u00fctt k\u00f6teles a rendes t\u0151keemel\u00e9sr\u0151l sz\u00f3l\u00f3 hat\u00e1rozatot \u00e9s annak v\u00e9grehajt\u00e1s\u00e1t a c\u00e9gnyilv\u00e1ntart\u00e1sba bejegyezni (az AktG 184. \u00a7 (2) bekezd\u00e9se, 188. \u00a7 (2) bekezd\u00e9se). Ugyanez vonatkozik a felt\u00e9teles t\u0151keemel\u00e9sr\u0151l (az AktG 195. \u00a7 (1) bekezd\u00e9se), a t\u0151ke cs\u00f6kkent\u00e9s\u00e9r\u0151l (az AktG 223. \u00a7-a, 229. \u00a7 (3) bekezd\u00e9se) \u00e9s a r\u00e9szv\u00e9nyek t\u00f6rl\u00e9s\u00e9r\u0151l (az AktG 237. \u00a7 (2) bekezd\u00e9se) sz\u00f3l\u00f3 hat\u00e1rozatokra is.<\/p>\n<p>Ha a parit\u00e1sos \u00f6sszet\u00e9tel\u0171 fel\u00fcgyel\u0151bizotts\u00e1g d\u00f6nt\u00e9shozatala sor\u00e1n patthelyzet alakul ki, a fel\u00fcgyel\u0151bizotts\u00e1g eln\u00f6ke a hat\u00e1rozat ism\u00e9telt megszavaz\u00e1sakor m\u00e1sodik szavazattal rendelkezik (v\u00f6. a MitbestG 29. \u00a7 (2) bekezd\u00e9s\u00e9nek 1. mondata \u00e9s 31. \u00a7 (4) bekezd\u00e9s\u00e9nek 1. mondata). Azokban a t\u00e1rsas\u00e1gokban, amelyekre a munkav\u00e1llal\u00f3i r\u00e9szv\u00e9teli t\u00f6rv\u00e9ny nem vonatkozik, a fel\u00fcgyel\u0151bizotts\u00e1g eln\u00f6k\u00e9nek ilyen m\u00e1sodik szavazati jog\u00e1t \u00e1ltal\u00e1ban az alapszab\u00e1ly r\u00f6gz\u00edti.<\/p>\n<p>A N\u00e9met V\u00e1llalatir\u00e1ny\u00edt\u00e1si K\u00f3dex (DCGK) aj\u00e1nl\u00e1sai szint\u00e9n hangs\u00falyozz\u00e1k a fel\u00fcgyel\u0151bizotts\u00e1g eln\u00f6k\u00e9nek kiemelt szerep\u00e9t. A DCGK 5.2(3) bekezd\u00e9se k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen el\u0151\u00edrja, hogy az \u00fcl\u00e9sek k\u00f6z\u00f6tt a fel\u00fcgyel\u0151bizotts\u00e1g eln\u00f6k\u00e9nek rendszeres kapcsolatot kell tartania az igazgat\u00f3s\u00e1ggal, k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen az igazgat\u00f3s\u00e1g eln\u00f6k\u00e9vel, \u00e9s meg kell vitatnia vel\u00fck a strat\u00e9gi\u00e1val, a tervez\u00e9ssel, az \u00fczleti fejleszt\u00e9ssel, a kock\u00e1zati helyzettel, a kock\u00e1zatkezel\u00e9ssel \u00e9s a megfelel\u00e9ssel kapcsolatos k\u00e9rd\u00e9seket. A fel\u00fcgyel\u0151bizotts\u00e1g eln\u00f6k\u00e9nek tov\u00e1bb\u00e1 t\u00e1j\u00e9koztatnia kell a k\u00f6zgy\u0171l\u00e9st a javadalmaz\u00e1si rendszer alapelveir\u0151l (a DCGK 4.2.3. \u00a7 (6) bekezd\u00e9se). Az igazgat\u00f3s\u00e1g tagjainak halad\u00e9ktalanul be kell jelenteni\u00fck az \u00f6sszef\u00e9rhetetlens\u00e9geket a fel\u00fcgyel\u0151bizotts\u00e1g eln\u00f6k\u00e9nek (a DCGK 4.3.3. \u00a7-a). Ugyanez vonatkozik a k\u00f6nyvvizsg\u00e1l\u00f3ra is olyan esetleges kiz\u00e1r\u00e1si okok vagy elfogults\u00e1g eset\u00e9n, amelyek nem oldhat\u00f3k meg azonnal (DCGK 7.2.1. \u00a7 (2) bekezd\u00e9s).<\/p>\n<p>Az alapszab\u00e1ly egyik rendelkez\u00e9se alapj\u00e1n a fel\u00fcgyel\u0151bizotts\u00e1g eln\u00f6ke rendszerint megkapja a k\u00f6zgy\u0171l\u00e9s levezet\u00e9s\u00e9nek feladat\u00e1t, ami k\u00fcl\u00f6nleges helyzetet biztos\u00edt sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra a k\u00f6zgy\u0171l\u00e9ssel kapcsolatban is.<\/p>\n<p>III. A fel\u00fcgyel\u0151bizotts\u00e1g eln\u00f6k\u00e9nek k\u00fcl\u00f6nleges szerepe a v\u00e1llalati gyakorlatban<br \/>\nA t\u00e1rsas\u00e1gi gyakorlatban a fel\u00fcgyel\u0151bizotts\u00e1g eln\u00f6k\u00e9nek k\u00fcl\u00f6nleges szerep\u00e9t tov\u00e1bb er\u0151s\u00edti a \u201cfel\u00fcgyel\u0151bizotts\u00e1g tev\u00e9kenys\u00e9g\u00e9nek t\u00e9nyleges folytonoss\u00e1ghi\u00e1nya\u201d jelens\u00e9ge (v. Schenck, AG 2010, 649, 651). Annak ellen\u00e9re, hogy a fel\u00fcgyel\u0151bizotts\u00e1gnak folyamatos feladatai vannak, a test\u00fclet nem \u00e1lland\u00f3an akt\u00edv, hanem gyakran csak \u00e9vente n\u00e9h\u00e1ny alkalommal \u00fcl\u00e9sezik. Ezzel szemben a fel\u00fcgyel\u0151bizotts\u00e1g eln\u00f6ke folyamatosan akt\u00edv. Az eln\u00f6k folyamatos kapcsolatot tart fenn az igazgat\u00f3s\u00e1ggal vagy annak eln\u00f6k\u00e9vel, \u00e9s ebben a tekintetben \u00f6sszek\u00f6t\u0151 szerepet t\u00f6lt be, biztos\u00edtva az igazgat\u00f3s\u00e1g fel\u00fcgyelet\u00e9nek \u00e9s tan\u00e1csad\u00f3i t\u00e1mogat\u00e1s\u00e1nak folytonoss\u00e1g\u00e1t (M. Roth, ZGR 2012, 343, 363; Drinhausen\/Marsch-Barner, AG 2014, 337, 342).<\/p>\n<p>IV. A felel\u0151ss\u00e9g jogk\u00f6vetkezm\u00e9nyei<br \/>\nB\u00e1r a fel\u00fcgyel\u0151bizotts\u00e1g eln\u00f6k\u00e9nek ez\u00e9rt folyamatosan kell cselekednie, \u00e9s nem ritk\u00e1n id\u0151nyom\u00e1s alatt kell reag\u00e1lnia, a tiszts\u00e9g ezen t\u00e9nybeli k\u00f6vetkezm\u00e9nyei nem t\u00fckr\u00f6z\u0151dnek megfelel\u0151en az alapszab\u00e1lyban. A fel\u00fcgyel\u0151bizotts\u00e1g eln\u00f6ke, mint a test\u00fclet egyszer\u0171 tagja, a gyakorlatban \u2013 \u00e9s a DCGK aj\u00e1nl\u00e1sai szerint \u2013 olyan feladatokat l\u00e1t el, amelyeket az alapokm\u00e1ny val\u00f3j\u00e1ban a fel\u00fcgyel\u0151bizotts\u00e1g eg\u00e9sz\u00e9nek rendel hozz\u00e1. Ennek f\u00e9ny\u00e9ben, a t\u00f6rv\u00e9nyi szab\u00e1lyoz\u00e1s \u00e9s a jogi val\u00f3s\u00e1g k\u00f6z\u00f6tti \u201csz\u00e9les szakad\u00e9k\u201d miatt a fel\u00fcgyel\u0151bizotts\u00e1g eln\u00f6ke n\u00e9ha megfelel\u0151 jogalap n\u00e9lk\u00fcl j\u00e1r el (v. Schenck, AG 2010, 649, 651 \u00e9s k\u00f6v.).<\/p>\n<p>K\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen az a t\u00e9ny, hogy a fel\u00fcgyel\u0151bizotts\u00e1g eln\u00f6ke folyamatosan akt\u00edv \u00e9s \u00e1lland\u00f3 kapcsolatban \u00e1ll az igazgat\u00f3s\u00e1g eln\u00f6k\u00e9vel, m\u00edg a fel\u00fcgyel\u0151bizotts\u00e1g mint test\u00fclet nem folyamatosan akt\u00edv, fokozott felel\u0151ss\u00e9gi kock\u00e1zatokat jelent a fel\u00fcgyel\u0151bizotts\u00e1g eln\u00f6ke sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra \u2014 ak\u00e1r az eln\u00f6k kiz\u00e1r\u00f3lagos felel\u0151ss\u00e9g\u00e9t is eredm\u00e9nyezheti, ha a t\u00f6bbi fel\u00fcgyel\u0151bizotts\u00e1gi tagnak nem tulajdon\u00edthat\u00f3 k\u00f6teless\u00e9gszeg\u00e9s. Ilyen, kiz\u00e1r\u00f3lag az eln\u00f6k\u00f6t \u00e9rint\u0151 k\u00f6teless\u00e9gszeg\u00e9s mer\u00fclhet fel, p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul akkor, ha az eln\u00f6k elmulasztja az igazgat\u00f3s\u00e1gt\u00f3l kapott inform\u00e1ci\u00f3kat tov\u00e1bb\u00edtani a fel\u00fcgyel\u0151bizotts\u00e1g t\u00f6bbi tagj\u00e1nak, vagy ezt nem teszi meg id\u0151ben, illetve ha az eln\u00f6k a s\u00fcrg\u0151ss\u00e9g ellen\u00e9re sem tekinti az inform\u00e1ci\u00f3k \u00e1tv\u00e9tel\u00e9t \u2013 vagy elutas\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1t \u2013 rendk\u00edv\u00fcli fel\u00fcgyel\u0151bizotts\u00e1gi \u00fcl\u00e9s \u00f6sszeh\u00edv\u00e1s\u00e1nak indokak\u00e9nt. A helytelen fel\u00fcgyel\u0151bizotts\u00e1gi jegyz\u0151k\u00f6nyv al\u00e1\u00edr\u00e1s\u00e1t is \u00e1ltal\u00e1ban a fel\u00fcgyel\u0151bizotts\u00e1g eln\u00f6k\u00e9nek kifejezetten tulajdon\u00edthat\u00f3 k\u00f6teless\u00e9gszeg\u00e9snek kell tekinteni.<\/p>\n<p>M\u00e9g abban az esetben is, ha az \u00f6sszes \u2013 vagy legal\u00e1bbis t\u00f6bb \u2013 fel\u00fcgyel\u0151bizotts\u00e1gi tag megszegte k\u00f6telezetts\u00e9geit, az eln\u00f6k k\u00fcl\u00f6nleges szerepe akkor lehet relev\u00e1ns, ha az eln\u00f6k\u00f6t nagyobb m\u00e9rt\u00e9k\u0171 egy\u00e9ni hib\u00e1s magatart\u00e1s terheli. M\u00edg a k\u00f6teless\u00e9g\u00fcket megszeg\u0151 tiszts\u00e9gvisel\u0151k egyetemlegesen felelnek, \u00e9s az a kifog\u00e1s, hogy egy m\u00e1sik tiszts\u00e9gvisel\u0151 is, vagy ak\u00e1r t\u00falnyom\u00f3r\u00e9szt \u0151 is hib\u00e1s volt, nem cs\u00f6kkenti a r\u00e9szv\u00e9nyt\u00e1rsas\u00e1ggal szembeni felel\u0151ss\u00e9get, addig minden egyes tiszts\u00e9gvisel\u0151 teljes m\u00e9rt\u00e9kben felel a t\u00e1rsas\u00e1g fel\u00e9 a k\u00f6teless\u00e9gszeg\u00e9sb\u0151l ered\u0151 k\u00e1r\u00e9rt (v\u00f6. BGH, NZG 2008, 104). A v\u00e9tkess\u00e9g m\u00e9rt\u00e9ke azonban fontos szerepet j\u00e1tszik a k\u00f6z\u00f6s \u00e9s egyetemleges ad\u00f3sok k\u00f6z\u00f6tti bels\u0151 visszat\u00e9r\u00edt\u00e9si elj\u00e1r\u00e1sban. A fel\u00fcgyel\u0151bizotts\u00e1g eln\u00f6ke r\u00e9sz\u00e9r\u0151l fenn\u00e1ll\u00f3 magasabb egy\u00e9ni v\u00e9tkess\u00e9g ez\u00e9rt a t\u00e1rsas\u00e1gi felel\u0151ss\u00e9gi jog szerint a bels\u0151 visszat\u00e9r\u00edt\u00e9si elj\u00e1r\u00e1s keret\u00e9ben megn\u00f6vekedett hozz\u00e1j\u00e1rul\u00e1si k\u00f6telezetts\u00e9get is alapoz meg. Ilyen magasabb egy\u00e9ni v\u00e9tkess\u00e9g \u00e1llhat fenn p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul abban az esetben, ha a fel\u00fcgyel\u0151bizotts\u00e1g eln\u00f6ke \u2013 az igazgat\u00f3s\u00e1ggal val\u00f3 folyamatos kapcsolattart\u00e1s miatt \u2013 k\u00f6nnyebben felismerhette volna egy olyan \u00fcgylet kock\u00e1zatait, amelyhez a fel\u00fcgyel\u0151bizotts\u00e1g eg\u00e9sz\u00e9ben jogtalanul hozz\u00e1j\u00e1rult, mint a rendes fel\u00fcgyel\u0151bizotts\u00e1gi tagok.<\/p>\n<p>V. K\u00f6vetkeztet\u00e9s<br \/>\nA v\u00e1llalati gyakorlatban a fel\u00fcgyel\u0151bizotts\u00e1g eln\u00f6ke d\u00f6nt\u0151 befoly\u00e1ssal b\u00edr mind a v\u00e1llalat fejl\u0151d\u00e9s\u00e9re, mind gazdas\u00e1gi erej\u00e9re. A fel\u00fcgyel\u0151bizotts\u00e1gi eln\u00f6k kiemelt poz\u00edci\u00f3j\u00e1val \u00e9s hat\u00e1sk\u00f6reivel azonban jelent\u0151sen megn\u00f6vekedett felel\u0151ss\u00e9gi kock\u00e1zatok is j\u00e1rnak. A fel\u00fcgyel\u0151bizotts\u00e1g eln\u00f6ki tiszts\u00e9g\u00e9t ez\u00e9rt \u2013 legal\u00e1bbis a t\u0151zsd\u00e9n jegyzett v\u00e1llalatokn\u00e1l \u2013 aligha lehet tov\u00e1bbra is puszt\u00e1n mell\u00e9kes feladatk\u00e9nt ell\u00e1tni. Tekintettel a feladatok egyre n\u00f6vekv\u0151 \u00f6sszetetts\u00e9g\u00e9re \u00e9s az azok ell\u00e1t\u00e1s\u00e1hoz sz\u00fcks\u00e9ges id\u0151r\u00e1ford\u00edt\u00e1sra, \u00fagy t\u0171nik, hogy a \u201chivat\u00e1sos fel\u00fcgyel\u0151bizotts\u00e1gi tagok\u201d fel\u00e9 vezet\u0151 \u00fat m\u00e1r kijel\u00f6l\u0151d\u00f6tt.<\/p>\n<p>Forr\u00e1s: NJW-Spezial 15\/2015, M\u00fcnchen; D\u00fcsseldorfi Fels\u0151b\u00edr\u00f3s\u00e1g, 2015. \u00e1prilis 30-i v\u00e9gz\u00e9s \u2013 I-3 Wx 61\/14 = BeckRS 2015, 11485<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>As the number of legal obligations continues to grow and lawmakers and courts further tighten management liability, the work of supervisory boards is increasingly coming into focus. A substantially higher requirements profile and significantly increased liability risks particularly affect chairs of supervisory boards and supervisory board members with special areas of responsibility. I. Introduction German [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":29,"featured_media":55398,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[15],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-55397","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.0.1 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"As the number of legal obligations continues to grow and lawmakers and courts further tighten management liability, the work of supervisory boards is increasingly coming into focus. A substantially higher requirements profile and significantly increased liability risks particularly affect chairs of supervisory boards and supervisory board members with special areas of responsibility. I. 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