{"id":55975,"date":"2026-08-26T11:08:13","date_gmt":"2026-08-26T09:08:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.nzp.de\/?p=55975"},"modified":"2026-08-26T11:08:13","modified_gmt":"2026-08-26T09:08:13","slug":"hormuz-and-the-black-sea-a-lesson-from-history","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.nzp.de\/hun\/hormuz-es-a-fekete-tenger-tanulsag-a-tortenelembol\/","title":{"rendered":"Hormuz \u00e9s a Fekete-tenger: Tanuls\u00e1g a t\u00f6rt\u00e9nelemb\u0151l"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Amikor a Hormuzi-szorosban fesz\u00fclts\u00e9gek alakulnak ki, a figyelem term\u00e9szetesen az energiapiacokra, a haditenger\u00e9szeti er\u0151bevet\u00e9sekre \u00e9s a haj\u00f3z\u00e1si szabads\u00e1gra ir\u00e1nyul. Ugyanakkor van egy t\u00f6rt\u00e9nelmi tanuls\u00e1g is, amelyet \u00e9rdemes figyelembe venni. A strat\u00e9giai jelent\u0151s\u00e9g\u0171 v\u00edzi utak nem csup\u00e1n a szoroshoz val\u00f3 hozz\u00e1f\u00e9r\u00e9st szab\u00e1lyozz\u00e1k. Bizonyos k\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00e9nyek k\u00f6z\u00f6tt egy eg\u00e9sz tenger sors\u00e1t is meghat\u00e1rozhatj\u00e1k.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134245529&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:140,&quot;335559740&quot;:269}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">A Fekete-tenger erre egy figyelemre m\u00e9lt\u00f3 p\u00e9ld\u00e1t ny\u00fajt.<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134245529&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:140,&quot;335559740&quot;:269}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Ma a nemzetk\u00f6zi figyelem Hormuzra ir\u00e1nyul, mivel ez a Perzsa-\u00f6b\u00f6l kapuja. A glob\u00e1lis energiaexport jelent\u0151s r\u00e9sze halad \u00e1t ezen a keskeny folyos\u00f3n. Az aggodalom egy\u00e9rtelm\u0171: ha a szoroson kereszt\u00fcli \u00e1tj\u00e1r\u00e1s megszakad, a k\u00f6vetkezm\u00e9nyek messze t\u00falny\u00falnak a k\u00f6zvetlen r\u00e9gi\u00f3n.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134245529&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:140,&quot;335559740&quot;:269}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">A t\u00f6rt\u00e9nelem azt mutatja, hogy a hasonl\u00f3 aggodalmak nem \u00faj kelet\u0171ek.<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134245529&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:140,&quot;335559740&quot;:269}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00c9vsz\u00e1zadokon \u00e1t a Boszporusz \u00e9s a Dardanell\u00e1k feletti ellen\u0151rz\u00e9s rendk\u00edv\u00fcli befoly\u00e1st biztos\u00edtott az Oszm\u00e1n Birodalomnak a Fekete-tengerhez val\u00f3 hozz\u00e1f\u00e9r\u00e9s ter\u00e9n. Konstantin\u00e1poly megh\u00f3d\u00edt\u00e1sa ut\u00e1n az oszm\u00e1n hat\u00f3s\u00e1gok fokozatosan olyan rendszert alak\u00edtottak ki, amelynek keret\u00e9ben a k\u00fclf\u00f6ldi hatalmak csak korl\u00e1tozott m\u00e9rt\u00e9kben vehettek r\u00e9szt a Fekete-tengeri kereskedelemben \u00e9s haj\u00f3z\u00e1sban. B\u00e1r a Fekete-tenger hivatalosan soha nem sz\u0171nt meg nemzetk\u00f6zi v\u00edztest lenni, egyre ink\u00e1bb a szorosokon kereszt\u00fcl ellen\u0151rz\u00f6tt, kiz\u00e1r\u00f3lagos strat\u00e9giai t\u00e9rs\u00e9gk\u00e9nt m\u0171k\u00f6d\u00f6tt.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134245529&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:140,&quot;335559740&quot;:269}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">Gyakorlatilag a Fekete-tenger rendk\u00edv\u00fcl k\u00f6zel ker\u00fclt ahhoz, hogy z\u00e1rt tengeri t\u00e9rs\u00e9gg\u00e9 v\u00e1ljon.<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134245529&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:140,&quot;335559740&quot;:269}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">A \u201eV\u00f6lkerrechtliche Rechtslage des Kaspischen Meeres\u201d (A Kaszpi-tenger nemzetk\u00f6zi jogi helyzete) c\u00edm\u0171 m\u0171 szerz\u0151jek\u00e9nt \u00e9vek \u00f3ta azt vizsg\u00e1lom, hogy a f\u00f6ldrajz, a politika \u00e9s a nemzetk\u00f6zi jog hogyan hatnak egym\u00e1sra a strat\u00e9giailag fontos tengeri r\u00e9gi\u00f3kban. Egyik visszat\u00e9r\u0151 tanuls\u00e1g az, hogy egy sz\u0171k \u00e1tj\u00e1r\u00f3 feletti ellen\u0151rz\u00e9s gyakran fontosabb, mint maga a tenger feletti ellen\u0151rz\u00e9s. A be- \u00e9s kihaj\u00f3z\u00e1s szab\u00e1lyoz\u00e1s\u00e1nak joga v\u00e9gs\u0151 soron meghat\u00e1rozhatja egy tengeri medence teljes jogi \u00e9s politikai jelleg\u00e9t.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134245529&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:140,&quot;335559740&quot;:269}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">A modern jogrend r\u00e9szben ennek a val\u00f3s\u00e1gnak a hat\u00e1s\u00e1ra alakult ki. A nemzetk\u00f6zi jog \u00e1ltal\u00e1ban a szabad haj\u00f3z\u00e1st t\u00e1mogatja, \u00e9s arra t\u00f6rekszik, hogy megakad\u00e1lyozza, hogy a strat\u00e9giai sz\u0171k keresztmetszetek kiz\u00e1r\u00f3lagos ellen\u0151rz\u00e9s eszk\u00f6zeiv\u00e9 v\u00e1ljanak. A Hormuz-szoros k\u00f6r\u00fcl kialakult legut\u00f3bbi vit\u00e1k azonban azt mutatj\u00e1k, hogy az alapvet\u0151 fesz\u00fclts\u00e9gek nem sz\u0171ntek meg.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134245529&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:140,&quot;335559740&quot;:269}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">A Fekete-tenger jelenlegi jogi rendszer\u00e9t els\u0151sorban az 1936-os, a szorosok jogi rendszer\u00e9r\u0151l sz\u00f3l\u00f3 Montreux-i Egyezm\u00e9ny hat\u00e1rozza meg. A megold\u00e1s sz\u00e1nd\u00e9kosan kiegyens\u00falyozott. Egyr\u00e9szt T\u00f6r\u00f6korsz\u00e1g k\u00fcl\u00f6nleges \u00e9s kiz\u00e1r\u00f3lagos helyzetet \u00e9lvez, mint a Boszporusz-szoros, a M\u00e1rv\u00e1ny-tenger \u00e9s a Dardanell\u00e1k feletti ellen\u0151rz\u00e9st gyakorl\u00f3 ter\u00fcleti \u00e1llam. El\u0151zetes \u00e9rtes\u00edt\u00e9st kap a hadihaj\u00f3k \u00e1thalad\u00e1s\u00e1r\u00f3l, r\u00e9szletes korl\u00e1toz\u00e1sokat alkalmaz a tengeri tranzitra, \u00e9s h\u00e1bor\u00fa idej\u00e9n, illetve ha k\u00f6zvetlen h\u00e1bor\u00fas vesz\u00e9ly fenyegeti, messzemen\u0151 m\u00e9rlegel\u00e9si jogk\u00f6rrel rendelkezik. Ezek a szab\u00e1lyok T\u00f6r\u00f6korsz\u00e1gnak olyan kapu\u0151r szerepet biztos\u00edtanak, amellyel a Fekete-tenger egyetlen m\u00e1s part menti \u00e1llama sem rendelkezik.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:140,&quot;335559740&quot;:269}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">M\u00e1sr\u00e9szt ugyanez a rendszer meg\u0151rzi az \u00fatvonal alapvet\u0151 nyitotts\u00e1g\u00e1t. A kereskedelmi haj\u00f3k b\u00e9keid\u0151ben tov\u00e1bbra is \u00e9lvezik a t\u00f6r\u00f6k szorosokon val\u00f3 szabad \u00e1thalad\u00e1st, a haj\u00f3z\u00e1sbiztons\u00e1gi \u00e9s forgalomir\u00e1ny\u00edt\u00e1si szab\u00e1lyok betart\u00e1sa mellett. A korl\u00e1toz\u00e1sok els\u0151sorban a hadihaj\u00f3kra vonatkoznak, k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen a Fekete-tengeren k\u00edv\u00fcli \u00e1llamokhoz tartoz\u00f3 haj\u00f3kra, amelyekre tonnatartalomra, tart\u00f3zkod\u00e1si id\u0151re \u00e9s el\u0151zetes bejelent\u00e9sre vonatkoz\u00f3 korl\u00e1toz\u00e1sok vonatkoznak. \u00cdgy a Montreux-i Egyezm\u00e9ny nem egyszer\u0171en z\u00e1rja le a Fekete-tengert egy t\u00f6r\u00f6k kapu m\u00f6g\u00f6tt. Ink\u00e1bb elv\u00e1lasztja a kereskedelmi haj\u00f3z\u00e1st a haditenger\u00e9szeti er\u0151 kiterjeszt\u00e9s\u00e9t\u0151l: a kereskedelem tov\u00e1bbra is szabadon folyik, m\u00edg a katonai hozz\u00e1f\u00e9r\u00e9st a region\u00e1lis stabilit\u00e1s \u00e9rdek\u00e9ben szab\u00e1lyozz\u00e1k.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:140,&quot;335559740&quot;:269}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">A Hormuz-szoros \u00e9s a Fekete-tenger k\u00f6z\u00f6tti \u00f6sszehasonl\u00edt\u00e1s teh\u00e1t t\u00f6bb, mint puszta t\u00f6rt\u00e9nelmi \u00e9rdekess\u00e9g. Mindk\u00e9t r\u00e9gi\u00f3 r\u00e1vil\u00e1g\u00edt a tengeri \u00e1tj\u00e1r\u00f3k strat\u00e9giai jelent\u0151s\u00e9g\u00e9re. Mindkett\u0151 eml\u00e9keztet benn\u00fcnket arra, hogy a hozz\u00e1f\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e9ppoly fontos lehet, mint maga a ter\u00fclet. \u00c9s mindkett\u0151 megmutatja, hogy egy-egy szoros feletti ellen\u0151rz\u00e9s hogyan befoly\u00e1solhatja egy eg\u00e9sz r\u00e9gi\u00f3 biztons\u00e1g\u00e1t \u00e9s j\u00f3l\u00e9t\u00e9t.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134245529&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:140,&quot;335559740&quot;:269}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">A Fekete-tenger t\u00f6rt\u00e9nete hasznos tanuls\u00e1ggal szolg\u00e1l. A tengerek nem elszigetelt f\u00f6ldrajzi egys\u00e9gek. Nyitotts\u00e1guk gyakran att\u00f3l f\u00fcgg, hogy milyen keskeny szorosok k\u00f6tik \u00f6ssze \u0151ket a k\u00fclvil\u00e1ggal.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134245529&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:140,&quot;335559740&quot;:269}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u00c9ppen ez\u00e9rt a Hormuzi-szorosban zajl\u00f3 esem\u00e9nyek nem csup\u00e1n a Perzsa-\u00f6b\u00f6l szempontj\u00e1b\u00f3l fontosak, hanem a haj\u00f3z\u00e1s szabads\u00e1g\u00e1n \u00e9s a glob\u00e1lis kereskedelmi \u00fatvonalakhoz val\u00f3 hozz\u00e1f\u00e9r\u00e9sen alapul\u00f3 t\u00e1gabb \u00e9rtelemben vett nemzetk\u00f6zi rend szempontj\u00e1b\u00f3l is.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134245529&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:140,&quot;335559740&quot;:269}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Whenever tensions rise in the Strait of Hormuz, attention naturally turns to energy markets, naval deployments and freedom of navigation. Yet there is also a historical lesson worth considering. Strategic waterways do not merely control access to a strait. Under certain circumstances, they can determine the fate of an entire sea.\u00a0 The Black Sea provides [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":29,"featured_media":55976,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[139],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-55975","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news-en"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.0.1 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Whenever tensions rise in the Strait of Hormuz, attention naturally turns to energy markets, naval deployments and freedom of navigation. Yet there is also a historical lesson worth considering. Strategic waterways do not merely control access to a strait. 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