{"id":53729,"date":"2026-05-22T07:14:57","date_gmt":"2026-05-22T05:14:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.nzp.de\/the-castro-indictment-charges-jurisdiction-and-the-limits-of-state-immunity\/"},"modified":"2026-07-23T11:38:50","modified_gmt":"2026-07-23T09:38:50","slug":"the-castro-indictment-charges-jurisdiction-and-the-limits-of-state-immunity","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.nzp.de\/tr\/the-castro-indictment-charges-jurisdiction-and-the-limits-of-state-immunity\/","title":{"rendered":"Castro Davas\u0131: Su\u00e7lamalar, Yarg\u0131 Yetkisi ve Devlet Dokunulmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n S\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"divi-legal-article\">\n<p>\n    1996 y\u0131l\u0131nda Brothers to the Rescue (BTTR) \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcne ait u\u00e7aklar\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmesiyle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olarak 2026 y\u0131l\u0131nda haz\u0131rlanan ek iddianame, Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri\u2019nin kendi topraklar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen fiiller nedeniyle cezai sorumluluk tesis etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 nadir ve karma\u015f\u0131k \u00f6rneklerden birini olu\u015fturuyor.\n  <\/p>\n<p>\n    BTTR, K\u00fcbal\u0131 s\u00fcrg\u00fcnler taraf\u0131ndan kurulan ve merkezi Miami, Florida\u2019da bulunan aktivist bir k\u00e2r amac\u0131 g\u00fctmeyen kurulu\u015f. \u00d6rg\u00fct, \u00f6zellikle K\u00fcba h\u00fck\u00fcmetine ve \u00fclkenin eski lideri Fidel Castro\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 muhalif faaliyetleriyle tan\u0131n\u0131yor.\n  <\/p>\n<h2>Kimler Hangi Fiillerle Su\u00e7lan\u0131yor?<\/h2>\n<p>\n    \u0130ddianamede K\u00fcba\u2019n\u0131n eski Devlet Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Ra\u00fal Modesto Castro Ruz ile baz\u0131 K\u00fcbal\u0131 sava\u015f pilotlar\u0131 san\u0131k olarak yer al\u0131yor. \u0130ddianameye g\u00f6re san\u0131klar devlete kar\u015f\u0131 su\u00e7lar i\u015fledi, sivil u\u00e7aklar\u0131 imha etti ve cinayet su\u00e7unu i\u015fledi.\n  <\/p>\n<p>\n    \u0130ddianamenin merkezinde yer alan birinci su\u00e7lama, ABD vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrmek amac\u0131yla su\u00e7 i\u015flemek i\u00e7in anla\u015fma (conspiracy to kill U.S. nationals, 18 U.S.C. \u00a7 2332(b)(2)). \u0130ddianameye g\u00f6re san\u0131klar, Ocak\u2013Nisan 1996 d\u00f6neminde ABD topraklar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ABD vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrmek \u00fczere bilerek ve isteyerek anla\u015fmaya vard\u0131.\n  <\/p>\n<p>\n    \u0130ddianamede, bu plan\u0131n amac\u0131n\u0131n istihbarat bilgileri kullan\u0131larak BTTR\u2019ye ait silahs\u0131z sivil u\u00e7aklar\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmesi ve bu yolla K\u00fcba halk\u0131 ile s\u00fcrg\u00fcndeki K\u00fcba toplumunun faaliyetlerinin sindirilmesi, cayd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve bunlara kar\u015f\u0131 misillemede bulunulmas\u0131 oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a belirtiliyor.\n  <\/p>\n<p>\u0130ddia, di\u011fer unsurlar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra \u015fu hususlara dayan\u0131yor:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Miami\u2019deki BTTR \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcne istihbarat amac\u0131yla s\u0131z\u0131lmas\u0131,<\/li>\n<li>emir-komuta zinciri \u00fczerinden asker\u00ee haz\u0131rl\u0131k yap\u0131lmas\u0131 ve operasyon emirlerinin verilmesi,<\/li>\n<li>24 \u015eubat 1996 tarihinde uluslararas\u0131 hava sahas\u0131nda iki u\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n havadan havaya f\u00fczelerle (AAM) d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmesi ve d\u00f6rt ki\u015finin hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmesi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Di\u011fer su\u00e7lamalar ise \u015funlar\u0131 kaps\u0131yor:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>2\u20133. su\u00e7lamalar: Her u\u00e7ak i\u00e7in ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 olmak \u00fczere u\u00e7aklar\u0131n imha edilmesi (18 U.S.C. \u00a7 32, \u00a7 34; 49 U.S.C. \u00a7 46501),<\/li>\n<li>4\u20137. su\u00e7lamalar: Her ma\u011fdur i\u00e7in ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 olmak \u00fczere cinayet (18 U.S.C. \u00a7 1111, \u00a7 3238, \u00a7 2).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n    Bu yap\u0131, savc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n su\u00e7lar\u0131n birlikte planlanmas\u0131 niteli\u011fini, bireysel \u00f6ld\u00fcrme fiillerini ve sivil u\u00e7aklar\u0131n imhas\u0131n\u0131 ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 ele almas\u0131na imk\u00e2n tan\u0131yor.\n  <\/p>\n<h2>ABD\u2019nin \u00dclke D\u0131\u015f\u0131 Yarg\u0131 Yetkisi Neye Dayan\u0131yor?<\/h2>\n<p>\n    ABD\u2019nin yarg\u0131 yetkisinin temel dayanaklar\u0131ndan biri, yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ABD vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesini veya bu ama\u00e7la su\u00e7 i\u015flemek i\u00e7in anla\u015fmaya var\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a su\u00e7 sayan 18 U.S.C. \u00a7 2332(b) h\u00fckm\u00fc. Benzer bir d\u00fczenleme Macar Ceza Kanunu\u2019nun 3(2)(b) maddesinde de bulunuyor. Buna g\u00f6re Macar ceza hukuku, Macar vatanda\u015f\u0131 olmayan ki\u015filerin yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda Macar vatanda\u015flar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 i\u015fledi\u011fi ve Macar Hukukuna g\u00f6re cezaland\u0131r\u0131labilen fiillere uygulan\u0131yor.\n  <\/p>\n<p>Bu hukuki \u00e7er\u00e7eve birka\u00e7 yarg\u0131 yetkisi ilkesine dayan\u0131yor:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Pasif \u015fahsilik ilkesi:<\/strong> Yarg\u0131 yetkisi ma\u011fdurlar\u0131n ABD vatanda\u015f\u0131 olmas\u0131na dayan\u0131yor.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Koruma ilkesi:<\/strong> Su\u00e7un i\u015flendi\u011fi yer veya failin vatanda\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 tek ba\u015f\u0131na belirleyici de\u011fil. Casusluk gibi devlete kar\u015f\u0131 su\u00e7larda oldu\u011fu \u00fczere, devletin temel menfaatlerini etkileyen ve yabanc\u0131 ki\u015filer taraf\u0131ndan yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda i\u015flenen fiiller hakk\u0131nda yarg\u0131 yetkisi kurulmas\u0131na imk\u00e2n tan\u0131yor.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u00d6zel \u00fclkesellik ilkesi:<\/strong> ABD\u2019de tescilli u\u00e7aklar \u00fczerindeki yarg\u0131 yetkisini ifade ediyor. 49 U.S.C. \u00a7 46501, \u201c\u00f6zel u\u00e7ak yarg\u0131 yetkisi\u201d (special aircraft jurisdiction) kavram\u0131n\u0131 ayr\u0131ca tan\u0131ml\u0131yor.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n    18 U.S.C. \u00a7 2332(d) uyar\u0131nca \u00fclke d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda i\u015flenen su\u00e7lara ili\u015fkin yarg\u0131laman\u0131n ba\u015flat\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in Ba\u015fsavc\u0131n\u0131n, su\u00e7un bir h\u00fck\u00fcmeti veya sivil n\u00fcfusu sindirme, zorlama veya bunlara kar\u015f\u0131 misillemede bulunma amac\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde bir tespitte bulunmas\u0131 da gerekiyor. Macar Ceza Kanunu\u2019ndaki yakla\u015f\u0131ma benzer \u015fekilde bu \u015fart, devletlerin \u00fclke d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen fiillere ili\u015fkin ceza yarg\u0131lamas\u0131n\u0131 yaln\u0131zca bir yarg\u0131 yetkisi meselesi olarak de\u011fil, d\u0131\u015f politika ve egemenlik boyutu bulunan bir konu olarak da ele ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor.\n  <\/p>\n<p>\n    Son olarak 18 U.S.C. \u00a7 3238, bu t\u00fcr davalarda yer bak\u0131m\u0131ndan yetkiyi belirliyor. Genel kural olarak yarg\u0131lama, san\u0131\u011f\u0131n yakaland\u0131\u011f\u0131 veya ABD\u2019ye ilk kez getirildi\u011fi yarg\u0131 \u00e7evresinde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Bunun hen\u00fcz ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmedi\u011fi durumlarda \u2014 mevcut davada oldu\u011fu gibi \u2014 san\u0131klar\u0131n ABD\u2019de ikametg\u00e2h\u0131 bulunmuyorsa iddianame Washington, D.C.\u2019de d\u00fczenlenebiliyor.\n  <\/p>\n<h2>Devlet Egemenli\u011fi ve Dokunulmazl\u0131k Sorunu<\/h2>\n<p>\n    Bu nitelikteki her dava, devlet egemenli\u011fi ile bireysel cezai sorumluluk aras\u0131ndaki gerilimi g\u00fcndeme getiriyor.\n  <\/p>\n<h3>1. Devlet Egemenli\u011fi<\/h3>\n<p>\n    Uluslararas\u0131 hukukun temel ilkelerinden biri, devletlerin egemenlik yetkilerini esas olarak kendi \u00fclkeleri i\u00e7inde kullanmas\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak iddianame, u\u00e7aklar\u0131n uluslararas\u0131 hava sahas\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc iddias\u0131na dayan\u0131yor. Bu durum m\u00fcnhas\u0131r \u00fclkesel yarg\u0131 yetkisinin \u00f6nemini azalt\u0131yor.\n  <\/p>\n<p>\n    \u00d6te yandan iddia edilen fiiller asker\u00ee ve istihbarat birimleri d\u00e2hil devlet organlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015f. Bu durum geleneksel olarak uluslararas\u0131 hukuk kapsam\u0131nda devletin sorumlulu\u011fu meselesini g\u00fcndeme getirir. ABD\u2019deki yarg\u0131lama ise bunun yerine bilin\u00e7li olarak bireysel cezai sorumlulu\u011fa odaklan\u0131yor.\n  <\/p>\n<h3>2. Devlet G\u00f6revlilerinin Dokunulmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/h3>\n<p>\n    G\u00f6revdeki devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 veya h\u00fck\u00fcmet ba\u015fkan\u0131 gibi \u00fcst d\u00fczey devlet g\u00f6revlilerine tan\u0131nan dokunulmazl\u0131k, uluslararas\u0131 ili\u015fkilerin d\u00fczenli \u015fekilde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesini ve devletlerin egemen e\u015fitli\u011fini korumay\u0131 ama\u00e7l\u0131yor. \u0130\u015flevsel dokunulmazl\u0131k ise bir devletin mahkemelerinin ba\u015fka bir devletin egemenlik yetkisi kapsam\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen resm\u00ee fiilleri yarg\u0131lamamas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesine dayan\u0131yor. Resm\u00ee s\u0131fatla veya devlet yetkisinin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen fiillere uygulan\u0131yor ve ilgili ki\u015finin g\u00f6revinden ayr\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan da devam edebiliyor.\n  <\/p>\n<p>\n    ABD\u2019nin yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131, \u00f6zellikle sivillere y\u00f6nelik sald\u0131r\u0131lar gibi a\u011f\u0131r su\u00e7lar\u0131n faillerinin i\u015flevsel dokunulmazl\u0131ktan her durumda yararlanamayaca\u011f\u0131 ve bireysel cezai sorumlulu\u011fa dayal\u0131 yarg\u0131laman\u0131n devletin uluslararas\u0131 hukuktaki sorumlulu\u011fundan ayr\u0131 de\u011ferlendirilmesi gerekti\u011fi varsay\u0131m\u0131na dayan\u0131yor.\n  <\/p>\n<p>\n    Bununla birlikte bu t\u00fcr bir ceza yarg\u0131lamas\u0131n\u0131n pratikte sonu\u00e7 do\u011furmas\u0131, nihayetinde san\u0131klar\u0131n yakalanarak ABD\u2019nin yarg\u0131 yetkisi kapsam\u0131na getirilebilmesine ba\u011fl\u0131.\n  <\/p>\n<h2>Sonu\u00e7<\/h2>\n<p>\n    Castro davas\u0131, devlet akt\u00f6rlerinin yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 siyasi a\u00e7\u0131dan hassas bir olay\u0131n ABD hukuku kapsam\u0131nda uluslararas\u0131 bir uyu\u015fmazl\u0131ktan i\u00e7 hukukta y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen bir ceza yarg\u0131lamas\u0131na nas\u0131l d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclebildi\u011fini g\u00f6steriyor.\n  <\/p>\n<p>Dava \u00f6zellikle;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00fclke d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda uygulanma imk\u00e2n\u0131 tan\u0131yan ceza h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine,<\/li>\n<li>ma\u011fdurlar\u0131n vatanda\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na,<\/li>\n<li>ilgili u\u00e7aklar\u0131n hukuki stat\u00fcs\u00fcne,<\/li>\n<li>\u00fcst d\u00fczey karar al\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n bireysel cezai sorumlulu\u011funa dayan\u0131yor.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n    Ayn\u0131 zamanda dava, bireysel cezai sorumluluk ile devlet egemenli\u011fi aras\u0131ndaki gerilimin, \u00f6zellikle \u00fcst d\u00fczey devlet g\u00f6revlilerinin dokunulmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan, uluslararas\u0131 hukukta tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaya devam etti\u011fini de ortaya koyuyor.\n  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<style>\n  .divi-legal-article {\n    text-align: justify;\n    line-height: 1.75;\n    font-size: 17px;\n    color: #222;\n  }<\/p>\n<p>  .divi-legal-article p {\n    margin: 0 0 1.25em 0;\n  }<\/p>\n<p>  .divi-legal-article h2 {\n    margin: 2em 0 0.8em 0;\n    font-size: 28px;\n    line-height: 1.3;\n    font-weight: 700;\n    color: #111;\n    text-align: left;\n  }<\/p>\n<p>  .divi-legal-article h3 {\n    margin: 1.6em 0 0.7em 0;\n    font-size: 22px;\n    line-height: 1.35;\n    font-weight: 700;\n    color: #111;\n    text-align: left;\n  }<\/p>\n<p>  .divi-legal-article ul {\n    margin: 0 0 1.4em 1.4em;\n    padding-left: 1.2em;\n  }<\/p>\n<p>  .divi-legal-article li {\n    margin-bottom: 0.55em;\n    text-align: justify;\n  }<\/p>\n<p>  .divi-legal-article strong {\n    font-weight: 700;\n  }<\/p>\n<p>  @media (max-width: 767px) {\n    .divi-legal-article {\n      font-size: 16px;\n      line-height: 1.7;\n    }<\/p>\n<p>    .divi-legal-article h2 {\n      font-size: 24px;\n    }<\/p>\n<p>    .divi-legal-article h3 {\n      font-size: 20px;\n    }\n  }\n<\/style>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The superseding indictment filed in 2026 in connection with the 1996 shootdown of Brothers to the Rescue (BTTR) aircraft is a rare and complex example of the United States seeking to impose criminal liability for acts committed entirely outside its own territory. BTTR is an activist nonprofit organization founded by Cuban exiles and based in [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":29,"featured_media":51453,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[139],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-53729","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news-en"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.0.1 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The superseding indictment filed in 2026 in connection with the 1996 shootdown of Brothers to the Rescue (BTTR) aircraft is a rare and complex example of the United States seeking to impose criminal liability for acts committed entirely outside its own territory. 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