{"id":55376,"date":"2020-10-26T11:56:36","date_gmt":"2020-10-26T10:56:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.nzp.de\/?p=55376"},"modified":"2026-08-06T12:06:05","modified_gmt":"2026-08-06T10:06:05","slug":"covid-19-risk-of-liability-for-damage-contrary-to-good-morals-in-the-case-of-trade-credit","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.nzp.de\/tr\/covid-19-risk-of-liability-for-damage-contrary-to-good-morals-in-the-case-of-trade-credit\/","title":{"rendered":"Covid-19: Ticari Kredi Durumunda Ahlak Kurallar\u0131na Ayk\u0131r\u0131 Zarar Nedeniyle Sorumluluk Riski"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Covid-19 vir\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 mevcut krizde, tek ba\u015f\u0131na faaliyet g\u00f6steren i\u015fletmeciler ve \u015firket genel m\u00fcd\u00fcrleri \u2014 iflas ba\u015fvurusunda bulunma y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn ask\u0131ya al\u0131nmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen \u2014 ask\u0131ya al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, belirli t\u00fczel ki\u015filiklerin organizasyonel sorumlulu\u011fundan sorumlu ki\u015filer de, \u0130flas Ba\u015fvuru Y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerinin Ask\u0131ya Al\u0131nmas\u0131na \u0130li\u015fkin Kanun (COVInsAG) ile getirilen s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 \u00f6nlemler \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bile, tamamen tehlike d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f say\u0131lmazlar. Tedarik\u00e7ilerin gelir kayb\u0131 ve buna ba\u011fl\u0131 ticari alacaklar nedeniyle u\u011frad\u0131klar\u0131 zararlar ba\u011flam\u0131nda, \u00f6deme vadesi geldi\u011finde \u015firketin tedarik\u00e7ilere sunulan hizmetlerin bedelini \u00f6deyememesi durumunda, giri\u015fimcilerin ki\u015fisel olarak sorumlu tutulma ve bu sorumlulu\u011fun \u00f6zel varl\u0131klar\u0131na kadar uzanma riski olduk\u00e7a y\u00fcksektir. (Alman Medeni Kanunu\u2019nun 826. maddesi ve Alman \u0130flas Kanunu\u2019nun 15a. maddesi.)<br \/>\nCOVInsAG kapsam\u0131nda iflas ba\u015fvurusunda bulunma y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn ask\u0131ya al\u0131nmas\u0131 ve t\u00fczel ki\u015filerin idari sorumlulu\u011funun s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, \u015fah\u0131s \u015firket sahiplerini ve genel m\u00fcd\u00fcrleri iflas ba\u015fvurusunda bulunma y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden muaf tutmakta ve ayr\u0131ca bu t\u00fcr durumlarda yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131rma i\u00e7in gerekli ko\u015fullar\u0131n mevcut oldu\u011fu kabul edildi\u011fine dair hukuki kurguyu olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Buna ra\u011fmen daha sonra iflas davas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131rsa, kurumsal sorumluluk o kadar s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r ki, istisnai durumlarda Alman S\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 Sorumluluk \u015eirketleri Kanunu\u2019nun (GmbHG) 64. maddesinin 1. f\u0131kras\u0131 uyar\u0131nca sorumluluk da do\u011fmayabilir.<\/p>\n<p>Bununla birlikte, mallar\u0131n sipari\u015f edildi\u011fi durumlarda veya m\u00fc\u015fterinin sipari\u015f verdikten sonra \u00f6deme yapamamas\u0131 ihtimaline kar\u015f\u0131 tedarik\u00e7ilerin \u00f6nceden ifa yapmalar\u0131 gerekti\u011finde onlar\u0131 koruyan, daha \u00f6nce tan\u0131nan sorumluluk gerek\u00e7eleri h\u00e2l\u00e2 ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini korumaktad\u0131r. Bu sorumluluk gerek\u00e7eleri, giri\u015fimciler ve \u015firket y\u00f6neticileri i\u00e7in \u00f6zellikle \u00f6nemli bir risk te\u015fkil etmektedir; zira mevcut pandemi ko\u015fullar\u0131nda sorumluluklar\u0131 t\u00fcm varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kapsayabilir.<\/p>\n<p>\u0130kilem: D\u00fczenlemeye Dayal\u0131 Doland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011fa Y\u00f6nelmeyi Te\u015fvik Eden Yasal D\u00fczenlemeler<br \/>\nGiri\u015fimciler ve t\u00fczel ki\u015filer, mevcut pandemi durumu nedeniyle kendilerini \u00f6zellikle zor bir durumda bulmaktad\u0131rlar: bir yandan, yeni kabul edilen COVInsAG yasas\u0131, varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmelerini \u00f6zellikle zorla\u015ft\u0131ran ko\u015fullara ra\u011fmen faaliyetlerine devam etmeleri i\u00e7in onlar\u0131 te\u015fvik etmektedir; di\u011fer yandan, \u015firketin zorlu mali durumunu tedarik\u00e7ilere a\u00e7\u0131klarlarsa, tedarik\u00e7ilerin ertelenmi\u015f \u00f6deme se\u00e7enekleri i\u00e7eren ticari kredi vermeyi kabul etme olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr. Bununla birlikte, tedarik\u00e7i taraf\u0131ndan daha sonra ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclebilecek herhangi bir tazminat talebine veya ki\u015fisel sorumluluk iddias\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 savunma yapabilmek i\u00e7in \u015firketin ger\u00e7ek ekonomik durumunun a\u00e7\u0131klanmas\u0131 h\u00e2l\u00e2 gereklidir.<\/p>\n<p>Bir giri\u015fimcinin, mevcut pandemi ko\u015fullar\u0131nda tedarik\u00e7ilerin, pandeminin faaliyetlerini ciddi \u015fekilde tehlikeye atmas\u0131 nedeniyle bir m\u00fc\u015fterinin sipari\u015fini b\u00fcy\u00fck olas\u0131l\u0131kla iptal edece\u011fini otomatik olarak varsaymalar\u0131 gerekti\u011fini iddia etmesi, ve mevcut pandemi ko\u015fullar\u0131 alt\u0131nda bir sipari\u015fin yerine getirilmesinin yaln\u0131zca istisnai durumlarda, yani \u00f6deme vadesi geldi\u011finde m\u00fc\u015fterinin ger\u00e7ekten \u00f6deme yapabilmesi halinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fece\u011fini iddia etmesi, mahkeme \u00f6n\u00fcnde bir arg\u00fcman olarak kabul edilmesi pek olas\u0131 de\u011fildir. Tedarik\u00e7inin, hangi gelir kayb\u0131 riskini \u00fcstlenmeye haz\u0131r oldu\u011funa kendisi karar verme konusunda me\u015fru ve korunmaya de\u011fer bir menfaati vard\u0131r. Bu ba\u011flamda, m\u00fc\u015fterinin tedarik\u00e7iden iflas durumunu gizleyerek tedarik\u00e7iye gelir kayb\u0131na yol a\u00e7ma olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olsa bile, belirli sipari\u015fleri reddetme veya bir sipari\u015fi kabul etme karar\u0131 da tedarik\u00e7inin takdirine b\u0131rak\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Bir giri\u015fimci veya bir GmbH\u2019nin yetkili temsilcisi olarak hareket eden genel m\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc, belirli ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda GmbH\u2019nin mali durumu hakk\u0131ndaki bilgileri a\u00e7\u0131klama y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ihlal ederse, bu t\u00fcr hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131 davran\u0131\u015f, Alman Medeni Kanunu\u2019nun 826. maddesi anlam\u0131nda ahlaka ayk\u0131r\u0131 kas\u0131tl\u0131 bir zarara te\u015fkil eder (bkz. Federal Yarg\u0131tay, 31 Mart 1971, VIII ZR 256\/69, BGHZ 56, 73, 77 ve devam\u0131; Federal Adalet Divan\u0131, 27 Eyl\u00fcl 1965, VII ZR 210\/63, BB 1966, 53; 14 May\u0131s 1974, VI ZR 8\/73, NJW 1974, 371; ve Federal Adalet Divan\u0131, 25 Ocak 1984, VIII ZR 227\/82, WM IV 1984, 475).<\/p>\n<p>Bir GmbH\u2019nin kendi ekonomik durumuna ili\u015fkin bilgi verme zorunlulu\u011fu, s\u00f6zle\u015fmeden do\u011fan ifa y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ba\u011flam\u0131nda, kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131n ifa y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 bor\u00e7luluktan dolay\u0131 \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde zorla\u015fmas\u0131 durumunda ge\u00e7erlidir (bkz. Federal Adalet Divan\u0131, 27 Ekim 1982, VIII ZR 187\/81, ZIP 1982, 1435; Federal Adalet Divan\u0131, 25 Ocak 1984, VIII ZR 227\/82, WM IV 1984, 475; ve Federal Adalet Divan\u0131, 2 Mart 1988, VIII ZR 380\/86, ZIP 1988, 505) ve bu zorlu ekonomik durumun s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin amac\u0131n\u0131 bo\u015fa \u00e7\u0131karabilece\u011fi durumlarda, \u00f6zellikle de mevcut ekonomik ko\u015fullar g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda parasal veya ticari kredinin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 beklendi\u011fi durumlarda, yani y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn ifas\u0131 vadesi geldi\u011finde \u015firketin iflas etmi\u015f olaca\u011f\u0131 durumlarda.<br \/>\nMali durumla ilgili bilgileri if\u015fa etme y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin imzalanmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7an m\u00fczakereler s\u0131ras\u0131nda ve s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin imzaland\u0131\u011f\u0131 anda, kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131n bilmedi\u011fi, ancak iyi niyet ilkesi \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, s\u00f6zle\u015fme taraf\u0131n\u0131n davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 ve karar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde etkileyebilecek nitelikte oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in bilinmesi gereken durumlar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 halinde ge\u00e7erlidir (Federal Adalet Divan\u0131, 25 Ocak 1984 tarihli karar \u2013 VIII ZR 227\/82, a.g.e.). Bu durum, m\u00fczakere eden taraf\u0131n, \u00fcstlendi\u011fi y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerin yerine getirilmesinin olas\u0131 bir iflas nedeniyle \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde engellenece\u011fini bilmesi veya bilmesi gerekti\u011fi durumlarda da varsay\u0131labilir (BGHZ 87, 27, 34; Federal Adalet Divan\u0131, 25 Ocak 1984 tarihli karar \u2013 VIII ZR 227\/82, a.g.e.; 2 Mart 1988 tarihli karar \u2013 VIII ZR 380\/86, a.g.e.). S\u00f6zle\u015fme taraf\u0131 bir GmbH, yani bir limited \u015firket ise, kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131n \u00f6nceden ifa y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bulunan bir s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin ifas\u0131n\u0131n, \u015firketin zorlu ekonomik durumu nedeniyle \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde tehlikeye girmesi yeterlidir (Federal Adalet Divan\u0131, 27 Ekim 1982 tarihli karar\u0131 \u2013 VIII ZR 187\/81, a.g.e.; 25 Ocak 1984 tarihli karar \u2013 VIII ZR 227\/82, a.g.e.; 2 Mart 1988 tarihli karar \u2013 VIII ZR 380\/86, a.g.e.; Federal Adalet Divan\u0131, 1 Temmuz 1991 tarihli karar \u2013 II ZR 180\/90; Lutter\/Hommelhoff, a.g.e., Madde 43, paragraf 27; Scholz\/U.H. Schneider, GmbHG, 7. bask\u0131, Madde 43, paragraf 227; K. Schmidt, a.g.e., s. 817).<\/p>\n<p>Kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131n bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131na g\u00f6re, k\u00f6t\u00fc ekonomik durumun da s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin amac\u0131n\u0131 bo\u015fa \u00e7\u0131karabilecek nitelikte olmas\u0131 gerekir; \u00f6zellikle de mevcut a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 bor\u00e7luluk durumu g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, parasal veya ticari kredinin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilir oldu\u011fu ve bunun sonucunda \u015firketin daha sonraki bir tarihte iflasa d\u00fc\u015fece\u011fi durumlarda \u2014 esasen ifa vadesi geldi\u011finde (Ulmer in Hachenburg, a.g.e., Madde 64, paragraf 66; a.g.e., NJW 1983, 1577, 1579 ve devam\u0131; ayn\u0131 yazar, GmbH-Rundschau 1984, 256, 264; Baumbach\/Hueck\/Schulze-Osterloh, a.g.e., B\u00f6l\u00fcm 64, paragraf 24).<br \/>\nYukar\u0131da bir GmbH ile ilgili olarak a\u00e7\u0131klanan bilgilendirme y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, \u015firketin yetkili temsilcisi olarak genel m\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fcne aittir. Genel m\u00fcd\u00fcr bu y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011fe uymazsa, sorumluluk, Alman Medeni Kanunu\u2019nun 826. maddesi uyar\u0131nca ahlaka ayk\u0131r\u0131 kas\u0131tl\u0131 zarara dayal\u0131d\u0131r (bkz. di\u011ferlerinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra: BGHZ 56, 73, 77 ve devam\u0131; Federal Adalet Divan\u0131, 27 Eyl\u00fcl 1965 tarihli karar \u2013 VII ZR 210\/63, BB 1966, 53; 14 May\u0131s 1974 tarihli karar \u2013 VI ZR 8\/73, NJW 1974, 371, 372; 25 Ocak 1984 tarihli karar \u2013 VIII ZR 227\/82, a.g.e.; RGRK-Steffen, 12. bask\u0131, Madde 826, paragraf 46, 48; Soergel\/H\u00f6nn, 11. bask\u0131, Madde 826, paragraf 80, 116; Erman\/Schiemann, 8. bask\u0131, Madde 826, paragraf 17).<br \/>\n\u00d6nemli Pratik Tavsiye<\/p>\n<p>Bir yandan, pandeminin yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 krizde, sorumluluktan ka\u00e7\u0131nmak amac\u0131yla, sipari\u015fin verildi\u011fi andaki likidite durumunu \u2014 ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin ifas\u0131n\u0131n olas\u0131 bir se\u00e7enek olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc andaki \u015firketin mali durumu. \u00d6te yandan, sipari\u015f verildi\u011fi anda, sipari\u015fin pandemi d\u00f6neminde verildi\u011fi en az\u0131ndan bir \u015fekilde \u2014 tercihen yaz\u0131l\u0131 bir s\u00f6zle\u015fme yoluyla \u2014 kan\u0131tlanabilir olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<br \/>\nAnahtar kelimeler: yeni bir s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin akdedilmesi; krizin \u00f6nlenmesi; kendi ekonomik menfaati; ihmalden kaynaklanan m\u00fc\u015fterek sorumluluk; s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin akdedildi\u011fi andaki kusurdan kaynaklanan sorumluluk; bilgilendirme y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerine uyulmamas\u0131ndan kaynaklanan sorumluluk; BGB\u2019nin 826. maddesi uyar\u0131nca sorumluluk; BGB'nin 826. maddesi uyar\u0131nca ahlaka ayk\u0131r\u0131 kas\u0131tl\u0131 zararlardan do\u011fan sorumluluk; \u00f6zel g\u00fcven ili\u015fkisi; mali durumun a\u00e7\u0131klanmas\u0131; ki\u015fisel davran\u0131\u015ftan kaynaklanan sorumluluk; ahlak; \u00f6nceden ifa y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc; iflas i\u015flemlerinin k\u00f6t\u00fc niyetle engellenmesi; iflas; s\u00f6zle\u015fme y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleriyle ilgili doland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k; genel m\u00fcd\u00fcr sorumlulu\u011fu; y\u00f6netim kurulu sorumlulu\u011fu.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In the current crisis caused by the Covid-19 virus, sole traders and company managing directors \u2014 despite the suspension of the obligation to file for insolvency \u2014 as well as persons responsible for the organisational liability of certain corporate bodies are not entirely out of danger, even in light of the limited measures introduced by 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