COVID-19 pandemisinin yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 mevcut krizde, iflas ba\u015fvurusunda bulunma y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn ask\u0131ya al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, \u015fah\u0131s i\u015fletmesi sahipleri ve \u015firket y\u00f6neticileri tamamen sorumluluk riski d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda de\u011fildir. \u0130flas Ba\u015fvuru Y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn Ask\u0131ya Al\u0131nmas\u0131na \u0130li\u015fkin Kanun (COVInsAG) ile getirilen s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 tedbirler de bu riski b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle ortadan kald\u0131rmamaktad\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle tedarik\u00e7ilerin bedel alacaklar\u0131n\u0131 tahsil edememeleri nedeniyle u\u011frad\u0131klar\u0131 zararlar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan, \u015firketin vade tarihinde tedarik\u00e7ilerine \u00f6deme yapamayacak durumda olmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde, giri\u015fimcilerin ve \u015firket y\u00f6neticilerinin ki\u015fisel olarak sorumlu tutulmalar\u0131 ve bu sorumlulu\u011fun ki\u015fisel malvarl\u0131klar\u0131na kadar uzanmas\u0131 riski bulunmaktad\u0131r (Alman Medeni Kanunu\u2019nun 826. maddesi ve Alman \u0130flas Kanunu\u2019nun 15a. maddesi).
\nCOVInsAG kapsam\u0131nda iflas ba\u015fvurusunda bulunma y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn ask\u0131ya al\u0131nmas\u0131 ve t\u00fczel ki\u015filerin y\u00f6neticilerinin sorumlulu\u011funun s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, \u015fah\u0131s i\u015fletmesi sahiplerini ve \u015firket y\u00f6neticilerini belirli ko\u015fullarda iflas ba\u015fvurusunda bulunma y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden muaf tutmakta ve yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131rma i\u00e7in gerekli ko\u015fullar\u0131n mevcut oldu\u011funa ili\u015fkin yasal bir karine olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Buna ra\u011fmen daha sonra iflas s\u00fcreci ba\u015flat\u0131l\u0131rsa, y\u00f6neticilerin sorumlulu\u011fu belirli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmakta ve istisnai durumlarda Alman Limited \u015eirketler Kanunu\u2019nun (GmbHG) 64. maddesinin 1. f\u0131kras\u0131 uyar\u0131nca sorumluluk do\u011fmayabilmektedir.<\/p>\n
Bununla birlikte, m\u00fc\u015fterinin mal sipari\u015f etti\u011fi ve tedarik\u00e7inin bedeli tahsil etmeden \u00f6nce kendi edimini yerine getirmek zorunda oldu\u011fu durumlarda tedarik\u00e7iyi koruyan mevcut sorumluluk esaslar\u0131 ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini korumaktad\u0131r. Bu sorumluluk esaslar\u0131, giri\u015fimciler ve \u015firket y\u00f6neticileri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6zellikle \u00f6nemli bir risk te\u015fkil etmektedir; zira mevcut pandemi ko\u015fullar\u0131nda sorumluluk ki\u015fisel malvarl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131 kapsayabilir.<\/p>\n
\u0130kilem: Doland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k Niteli\u011findeki Davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 Te\u015fvik Eden Yasal D\u00fczenlemeler
\nGiri\u015fimciler ve t\u00fczel ki\u015filer, mevcut pandemi nedeniyle kendilerini \u00f6zellikle g\u00fc\u00e7 bir durumda bulmaktad\u0131r. Bir yandan, yeni kabul edilen COVInsAG, faaliyetlerini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmelerini \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde zorla\u015ft\u0131ran ko\u015fullara ra\u011fmen i\u015fletmelerin faaliyetlerine devam etmelerini te\u015fvik etmektedir. Di\u011fer yandan, \u015firketin i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu g\u00fc\u00e7 mali durum tedarik\u00e7ilere a\u00e7\u0131klan\u0131rsa, tedarik\u00e7ilerin vadeli \u00f6deme imk\u00e2n\u0131 sa\u011flayan ticari kredi vermeyi kabul etme ihtimali d\u00fc\u015fmektedir. Bununla birlikte, tedarik\u00e7inin daha sonra ileri s\u00fcrebilece\u011fi tazminat taleplerine veya ki\u015fisel sorumluluk iddialar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 savunma yap\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in \u015firketin ger\u00e7ek ekonomik durumunun a\u00e7\u0131klanmas\u0131 h\u00e2len gerekli olabilir.<\/p>\n
Bir giri\u015fimcinin, mevcut pandemi ko\u015fullar\u0131nda tedarik\u00e7ilerin pandeminin m\u00fc\u015fterinin faaliyetlerini ciddi bi\u00e7imde tehlikeye att\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 zaten varsaymalar\u0131 gerekti\u011fini ve bu nedenle sipari\u015fi b\u00fcy\u00fck olas\u0131l\u0131kla reddedeceklerini ileri s\u00fcrmesinin mahkeme taraf\u0131ndan kabul edilmesi pek olas\u0131 de\u011fildir. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde, pandemi ko\u015fullar\u0131nda bir sipari\u015fin yerine getirilmesinin yaln\u0131zca istisnai olarak, yani m\u00fc\u015fterinin \u00f6deme vadesinde ger\u00e7ekten \u00f6deme g\u00fcc\u00fcne sahip olmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olaca\u011f\u0131 savunmas\u0131n\u0131n da kabul g\u00f6rmesi beklenmemelidir. Tedarik\u00e7inin hangi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde tahsilat riskini \u00fcstlenmeye haz\u0131r oldu\u011funa kendisinin karar vermesinde me\u015fru ve korunmaya de\u011fer bir menfaati vard\u0131r. Bu nedenle, m\u00fc\u015fterinin \u00f6deme g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc gizlemesi sonucunda tedarik\u00e7inin alaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tahsil edememe ihtimali bulunsa dahi, belirli sipari\u015fleri reddetme veya kabul etme karar\u0131 tedarik\u00e7inin takdirinde olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Bir giri\u015fimci veya bir GmbH\u2019nin yetkili temsilcisi s\u0131fat\u0131yla hareket eden genel m\u00fcd\u00fcr, belirli ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda GmbH\u2019nin mali durumuna ili\u015fkin bilgi verme y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ihlal ederse, bu hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131 davran\u0131\u015f Alman Medeni Kanunu\u2019nun 826. maddesi anlam\u0131nda ahlaka ayk\u0131r\u0131 kasten zarar verme te\u015fkil edebilir (bkz. Federal Yarg\u0131tay, 31 Mart 1971, VIII ZR 256\/69, BGHZ 56, 73, 77 ve devam\u0131; Federal Yarg\u0131tay, 27 Eyl\u00fcl 1965, VII ZR 210\/63, BB 1966, 53; 14 May\u0131s 1974, VI ZR 8\/73, NJW 1974, 371; ve Federal Yarg\u0131tay, 25 Ocak 1984, VIII ZR 227\/82, WM IV 1984, 475).<\/p>\n
Bir GmbH\u2019nin kendi ekonomik durumuna ili\u015fkin bilgi verme y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, s\u00f6zle\u015fmeden do\u011fan edim y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bak\u0131m\u0131ndan, \u015firketin a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 bor\u00e7lulu\u011fu nedeniyle kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131n edimini yerine getirmesinin kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 elde etmesinin \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde tehlikeye girdi\u011fi durumlarda s\u00f6z konusu olur (bkz. Federal Yarg\u0131tay, 27 Ekim 1982, VIII ZR 187\/81, ZIP 1982, 1435; Federal Yarg\u0131tay, 25 Ocak 1984, VIII ZR 227\/82, WM IV 1984, 475; ve Federal Yarg\u0131tay, 2 Mart 1988, VIII ZR 380\/86, ZIP 1988, 505). Bu y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fck, ekonomik g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin amac\u0131n\u0131 tehlikeye d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrebilecek nitelikte oldu\u011fu durumlarda, \u00f6zellikle mevcut ekonomik ko\u015fullar dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda parasal veya ticari kredi kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve \u015firketin edimin vadesi geldi\u011finde \u00f6deme aczi i\u00e7inde bulunmas\u0131n\u0131n beklendi\u011fi h\u00e2llerde \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r.
\nMali duruma ili\u015fkin bilgi verme y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin kurulmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik m\u00fczakereler s\u0131ras\u0131nda ve s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin kuruldu\u011fu anda, kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u00e7a bilinmeyen ancak d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck kural\u0131 gere\u011fince a\u00e7\u0131klanmas\u0131 gereken ve kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131n davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 veya karar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde etkileyebilecek durumlar\u0131n mevcut olmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde de ge\u00e7erlidir (Federal Yarg\u0131tay, 25 Ocak 1984 tarihli karar \u2013 VIII ZR 227\/82, a.g.e.). Bu durum, m\u00fczakere eden taraf\u0131n \u00fcstlendi\u011fi y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleri yerine getirmesinin muhtemel bir iflas nedeniyle \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde tehlikeye girece\u011fini bildi\u011fi veya bilmesi gerekti\u011fi h\u00e2llerde de kabul edilebilir (BGHZ 87, 27, 34; Federal Yarg\u0131tay, 25 Ocak 1984 tarihli karar \u2013 VIII ZR 227\/82, a.g.e.; 2 Mart 1988 tarihli karar \u2013 VIII ZR 380\/86, a.g.e.). S\u00f6zle\u015fmenin taraf\u0131 bir GmbH, yani limited \u015firket ise, kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131n \u00f6nceden ifa y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc alt\u0131nda bulundu\u011fu bir s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin ifas\u0131n\u0131n, \u015firketin g\u00fc\u00e7 ekonomik durumu nedeniyle \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde tehlikeye girmesi yeterlidir (Federal Yarg\u0131tay, 27 Ekim 1982 tarihli karar \u2013 VIII ZR 187\/81, a.g.e.; 25 Ocak 1984 tarihli karar \u2013 VIII ZR 227\/82, a.g.e.; 2 Mart 1988 tarihli karar \u2013 VIII ZR 380\/86, a.g.e.; Federal Yarg\u0131tay, 1 Temmuz 1991 tarihli karar \u2013 II ZR 180\/90; Lutter\/Hommelhoff, a.g.e., Madde 43, paragraf 27; Scholz\/U.H. Schneider, GmbHG, 7. bask\u0131, Madde 43, paragraf 227; K. Schmidt, a.g.e., s. 817).<\/p>\n
Kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131n bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan, olumsuz ekonomik durumun s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin amac\u0131n\u0131 tehlikeye d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrebilecek nitelikte olmas\u0131 gerekir. Bu durum \u00f6zellikle, mevcut a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 bor\u00e7luluk dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda parasal veya ticari kredi kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilir oldu\u011fu ve bunun sonucunda \u015firketin daha sonraki bir tarihte, esasen edimin vadesi geldi\u011finde, \u00f6deme aczine d\u00fc\u015fmesinin beklendi\u011fi h\u00e2llerde s\u00f6z konusudur (Ulmer in Hachenburg, a.g.e., Madde 64, paragraf 66; a.g.e., NJW 1983, 1577, 1579 ve devam\u0131; ayn\u0131 yazar, GmbH-Rundschau 1984, 256, 264; Baumbach\/Hueck\/Schulze-Osterloh, a.g.e., B\u00f6l\u00fcm 64, paragraf 24).
\nYukar\u0131da bir GmbH bak\u0131m\u0131ndan a\u00e7\u0131klanan bilgilendirme y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, \u015firketin yetkili temsilcisi s\u0131fat\u0131yla genel m\u00fcd\u00fcre aittir. Genel m\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fcn bu y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011fe uymamas\u0131 h\u00e2linde, Alman Medeni Kanunu\u2019nun 826. maddesi uyar\u0131nca ahlaka ayk\u0131r\u0131 kasten zarar verme nedeniyle ki\u015fisel sorumlulu\u011fu do\u011fabilir (bkz. di\u011ferlerinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra: BGHZ 56, 73, 77 ve devam\u0131; Federal Yarg\u0131tay, 27 Eyl\u00fcl 1965 tarihli karar \u2013 VII ZR 210\/63, BB 1966, 53; 14 May\u0131s 1974 tarihli karar \u2013 VI ZR 8\/73, NJW 1974, 371, 372; 25 Ocak 1984 tarihli karar \u2013 VIII ZR 227\/82, a.g.e.; RGRK-Steffen, 12. bask\u0131, Madde 826, paragraf 46, 48; Soergel\/H\u00f6nn, 11. bask\u0131, Madde 826, paragraf 80, 116; Erman\/Schiemann, 8. bask\u0131, Madde 826, paragraf 17).
\n\u00d6nemli Pratik Tavsiye<\/p>\n
Bir yandan, pandeminin yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 kriz s\u0131ras\u0131nda sorumluluk riskini azaltmak amac\u0131yla, sipari\u015fin verildi\u011fi tarihteki likidite durumunun, ba\u015fka bir ifadeyle \u015firketin s\u00f6zle\u015fmeden do\u011fan y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerini yerine getirmesinin h\u00e2len m\u00fcmk\u00fcn g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc tarihteki mali durumunun belgelendirilmesi \u00f6nemlidir. \u00d6te yandan, sipari\u015fin pandemi d\u00f6neminde verildi\u011finin de en az\u0131ndan bir \u015fekilde, tercihen yaz\u0131l\u0131 bir s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyle, kan\u0131tlanabilir olmas\u0131 gerekir.
\nAnahtar kelimeler: yeni bir s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin akdedilmesi; krizin \u00f6nlenmesi; kendi ekonomik menfaati; ihmalden kaynaklanan m\u00fc\u015fterek sorumluluk; s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin kurulmas\u0131ndan \u00f6nceki kusurdan do\u011fan sorumluluk; bilgilendirme y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerine uyulmamas\u0131ndan do\u011fan sorumluluk; BGB\u2019nin 826. maddesi uyar\u0131nca sorumluluk; BGB\u2019nin 826. maddesi uyar\u0131nca ahlaka ayk\u0131r\u0131 kasten zarar vermeden do\u011fan sorumluluk; \u00f6zel g\u00fcven ili\u015fkisi; mali durumun a\u00e7\u0131klanmas\u0131; ki\u015fisel davran\u0131\u015ftan do\u011fan sorumluluk; ahlak; \u00f6nceden ifa y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc; iflas s\u00fcrecinin k\u00f6t\u00fc niyetle engellenmesi; iflas; s\u00f6zle\u015fmeden do\u011fan y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 doland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k; genel m\u00fcd\u00fcr sorumlulu\u011fu; y\u00f6netim kurulu sorumlulu\u011fu.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
In the current crisis caused by the Covid-19 virus, sole traders and company managing directors \u2014 despite the suspension of the obligation to file for insolvency \u2014 as well as persons responsible for the organisational liability of certain corporate bodies are not entirely out of danger, even in light of the limited measures introduced by […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":29,"featured_media":55377,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[15],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-55376","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t