{"id":55785,"date":"2017-08-24T13:39:25","date_gmt":"2017-08-24T11:39:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.nzp.de\/?p=55785"},"modified":"2026-08-13T13:46:28","modified_gmt":"2026-08-13T11:46:28","slug":"reform-of-the-law-governing-in-house-counsel","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.nzp.de\/tr\/sirket-ici-hukuk-musavirlerini-duzenleyen-yasanin-reformu\/","title":{"rendered":"\u015eirket \u0130\u00e7i Hukuk M\u00fc\u015favirlerine \u0130li\u015fkin Mevzuat Reformu"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>2015 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n Nisan ay\u0131 sonunda Federal Adalet ve T\u00fcketicinin Korunmas\u0131 Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (BMJV), \u015firket i\u00e7i hukuk m\u00fc\u015favirlerine ili\u015fkin mevzuat\u0131n reformuna y\u00f6nelik bakanl\u0131k tasar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 resmen sundu. Tasar\u0131 \u00f6ncelikle, Federal Sosyal Mahkemenin 3 Nisan 2014 tarihli kararlar\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan sorunlar\u0131, \u00f6zellikle de \u015firket i\u00e7i avukatlar\u0131n zorunlu yasal emeklilik sigortas\u0131ndan muaf tutulma imkan\u0131n\u0131n ortadan kalkmas\u0131n\u0131 gidermeyi ama\u00e7lamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>I. \u201c\u015eirket \u0130\u00e7i Avukat\u201d Stat\u00fcs\u00fc<br \/>\nBMJV\u2019nin kanun tasar\u0131s\u0131, avukatl\u0131k ruhsat\u0131na sahip \u201c\u015firket i\u00e7i avukatlar\u0131n\u201d (Syndikusrechtsanwalt) kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc bir avukatl\u0131k stat\u00fcs\u00fc kapsam\u0131nda d\u00fczenlenmesini \u00f6ng\u00f6rmektedir. Yasal tan\u0131m, bu ki\u015filerin Federal Avukatl\u0131k Kanunu\u2019nun (BRAO) 1 ila 3. maddeleri anlam\u0131nda avukat olduklar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a belirtmektedir. Federal Yarg\u0131tay\u0131n \u00f6nceki i\u00e7tihad\u0131ndan farkl\u0131 olarak \u201c\u015firket i\u00e7i avukat\u201d kavram\u0131, yaln\u0131zca i\u015fverenlerine kendi hukuki meselelerinde dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131k yapan meslek mensuplar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda bir dernekle i\u015f ili\u015fkisi i\u00e7inde bulunan ve dernek \u00fcyelerine hukuki konularda dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131k sa\u011flayan ki\u015fileri de kapsamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>II. Kabul<br \/>\nGenel avukatl\u0131k ruhsat\u0131ndan farkl\u0131 olarak, \u015firket i\u00e7i avukat s\u0131fat\u0131yla ruhsatland\u0131rma faaliyet temellidir. Bunun amac\u0131, s\u00f6z konusu faaliyetin i\u015f ili\u015fkisi kapsam\u0131nda yerine getirilen di\u011fer hukuki hizmetlerden ay\u0131rt edilmesidir. \u00d6nerilen yeni h\u00fck\u00fcm, bunun i\u00e7in gerekli \u015fartlar\u0131 ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bi\u00e7imde d\u00fczenlemektedir. H\u00fck\u00fcm, \u015firket i\u00e7i avukatlar\u0131n hukuki faaliyetlerini nitelendiren ve zorunlu asgari \u015fartlar olarak birlikte kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131 gereken kriterleri belirlemektedir. Bu kriterlerin temelini ki\u015fisel sorumluluk ve mesleki ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Bu kriterler, BRAO\u2019nun 3. maddesinin 1. f\u0131kras\u0131 ile Alman Sosyal Kanunu\u2019nun VI. Kitab\u0131\u2019n\u0131n (SGB VI) 6. maddesi kapsam\u0131nda Alman Federal Emeklilik Sigortas\u0131 Kurumu taraf\u0131ndan geli\u015ftirilen \u201cd\u00f6rt kriter teorisi\u201d ile ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. Hukuki dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131k; olaylar\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bi\u00e7imde analiz edilmesini ve hukuki meselelerin incelenmesini, hukuki \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlerin mesleki ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k i\u00e7inde geli\u015ftirilip de\u011ferlendirilmesini ve yine mesleki ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k i\u00e7inde hukuki dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131k sunulmas\u0131n\u0131 kapsamaktad\u0131r. Hukuki temsil ise i\u015fvereni d\u0131\u015f ili\u015fkilerde hukuken ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 \u015fekilde temsil etme yetkisini i\u00e7erir. Ayr\u0131ca \u015firket i\u00e7i avukat\u0131n faaliyeti, \u00f6zellikle m\u00fczakerelerin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bi\u00e7imde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesi yoluyla hukuki ili\u015fkilerin \u015fekillendirilmesine veya haklar\u0131n ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclmesine y\u00f6nelik olmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130\u015f ili\u015fkisinin en az\u0131ndan yukar\u0131daki kriterler ve faaliyetler taraf\u0131ndan \u201c\u015fekillendirilmesi\u201d gerekmektedir. B\u00f6ylece hukuki ve hukuki olmayan faaliyetlerin birlikte y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u015f ili\u015fkilerinin de bulunabilece\u011fi dikkate al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. Son olarak, \u015firket i\u00e7i avukat\u0131n hukuki durumun ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bi\u00e7imde de\u011ferlendirilmesini ve somut olaya \u00f6zg\u00fc hukuki dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131k sunulmas\u0131n\u0131 engelleyen talimatlara uymak zorunda olmas\u0131 halinde mesleki a\u00e7\u0131dan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir faaliyetin s\u00f6z konusu olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011fa kavu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur. Bununla birlikte, \u015firket i\u00e7i avukat\u0131n faaliyetinin i\u015fverenin talimat verme yetkisinin tamamen ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirmedi\u011fi belirtilmektedir. Nitekim serbest \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan avukatlar da talimatlardan tamamen ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z de\u011fildir; vekalet ili\u015fkisi kapsam\u0131nda m\u00fcvekkillerinin talimatlar\u0131na uymakla y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcd\u00fcrler.<\/p>\n<p>\u015eirket i\u00e7i avukat, istihdam edildi\u011fi g\u00f6revine ek olarak \u015firket veya dernek d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda da avukatl\u0131k yapmak istiyorsa ayr\u0131ca avukatl\u0131k ruhsat\u0131 almal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>III. Temsil Yetkisinin K\u0131smen S\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<br \/>\nHalen y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte bulunan BRAO\u2019nun 46. maddesi, \u015firket i\u00e7i hukuk m\u00fc\u015favirlerinin avukat s\u0131fat\u0131yla i\u015fverenlerini mahkemeler veya tahkim kurullar\u0131 nezdinde temsil edemeyece\u011fini \u00f6ng\u00f6rmektedir. BMJV\u2019nin bakanl\u0131k tasar\u0131s\u0131 bu mutlak yasa\u011f\u0131 korumamaktad\u0131r. Bununla birlikte \u015firket i\u00e7i avukatlar, kural olarak medeni hukuk ve i\u015f mahkemesi davalar\u0131nda veya avukatla temsilin zorunlu oldu\u011fu ya da yaz\u0131l\u0131 beyanlar\u0131n bir avukat taraf\u0131ndan imzalanmas\u0131 gereken \u00e7eki\u015fmesiz yarg\u0131 i\u015flerinde, i\u015f ili\u015fkileri kapsam\u0131nda i\u015fverenlerini mahkemeler nezdinde temsil edemeyecektir. BMJV\u2019ye g\u00f6re bu temsil yasa\u011f\u0131, taraflar aras\u0131ndaki dengesizli\u011fi \u00f6nlemek ve \u201csilahlar\u0131n e\u015fitli\u011fi\u201d ilkesini korumak amac\u0131yla gereklidir. Kendi hukuk departman\u0131 bulunmayan bireylerin veya k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve orta \u00f6l\u00e7ekli i\u015fletmelerin, Avukatl\u0131k \u00dccretleri Kanunu uyar\u0131nca \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen asgari \u00fccretlere tabi bir avukata ba\u015fvurmak zorunda kalmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015firketlerin kendi \u015firket i\u00e7i avukatlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan temsil edilerek dava maliyeti riskini azaltabilmeleri h\u00e2linde b\u00f6yle bir dengesizlik ortaya \u00e7\u0131kacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Bununla birlikte tasar\u0131, mevcut hukuki durumdan farkl\u0131 olarak, idare, vergi ve sosyal yarg\u0131 mercileri \u00f6n\u00fcndeki davalarda veya tahkim yarg\u0131lamalar\u0131nda \u015firket i\u00e7i avukatlar\u0131n i\u015fverenlerini temsil etmesine y\u00f6nelik bir yasak \u00f6ng\u00f6rmemektedir. Gelecekte \u015firket i\u00e7i avukatlar\u0131n, i\u015fverenin san\u0131k veya m\u00fcsadere yarg\u0131lamas\u0131na tabi ki\u015fi s\u0131fat\u0131yla de\u011fil, \u00f6rne\u011fin ma\u011fdur veya m\u00fcdahil s\u0131fat\u0131yla yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ceza ve idari para cezas\u0131 yarg\u0131lamalar\u0131nda da i\u015fverenlerini temsil edebilmeleri \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n<p>Son olarak BMJV, anayasal gerek\u00e7elerle, \u015firket i\u00e7i avukatlar\u0131n i\u015f ili\u015fkileri d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, yani ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z avukatl\u0131k faaliyetleri kapsam\u0131nda da i\u015fverenlerini temsil edebilmelerine izin verilmesini gerekli g\u00f6rmektedir. Bu t\u00fcr faaliyetler Avukatl\u0131k \u00dccretleri Kanunu uyar\u0131nca \u00fccretlendirilecektir.<\/p>\n<p>IV. Yasal ayr\u0131cal\u0131k yoktur<br \/>\n\u015eirket i\u00e7i avukatlar, ceza yarg\u0131lamalar\u0131nda tan\u0131kl\u0131ktan \u00e7ekinme hakk\u0131ndan veya el koymaya kar\u015f\u0131 korumadan yararlanamayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Avukat-m\u00fcvekkil gizlili\u011finin bu \u015fekilde s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n gerek\u00e7esi, etkili bir ceza soru\u015fturmas\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131d\u0131r. Federal Anayasa Mahkemesi, ceza yarg\u0131lamas\u0131nda maddi ger\u00e7e\u011fin m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funca eksiksiz bi\u00e7imde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik menfaati defalarca vurgulam\u0131\u015f ve \u00f6zellikle a\u011f\u0131r su\u00e7lar\u0131n etkili bi\u00e7imde soru\u015fturulmas\u0131n\u0131 hukuk devleti ilkesine dayanan bir toplumun temel g\u00f6revlerinden biri olarak nitelendirmi\u015ftir. Ceza muhakemesi tedbirleri arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla su\u00e7lar\u0131n soru\u015fturulmas\u0131 ve b\u00f6ylece ceza kanunlar\u0131n\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131, tan\u0131kl\u0131ktan \u00e7ekinme hakk\u0131 veya ceza soru\u015fturmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin benzer usuli s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar nedeniyle \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde sekteye u\u011frayabilir. Avrupa Birli\u011fi Adalet Divan\u0131 da \u015firket i\u00e7i avukatlar\u0131n kendilerine \u00f6zg\u00fc mesleki konumlar\u0131n\u0131n, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan avukatlara tan\u0131nan \u00f6zel mesleki gizlilik korumas\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda tutulmalar\u0131n\u0131 hakl\u0131 k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na h\u00fckmetmi\u015ftir. BMJV\u2019ye g\u00f6re \u015firket i\u00e7i avukatlar\u0131n Alman Ceza Muhakemesi Kanunu\u2019nun 97 ve 160a maddelerinin kapsam\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131, ceza soru\u015fturmas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131yan delillerin soru\u015fturma makamlar\u0131n\u0131n eri\u015fimi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalmas\u0131 riskini do\u011furacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, medeni hukuk yarg\u0131lamalar\u0131nda \u015firket i\u00e7i avukatlar tan\u0131kl\u0131ktan \u00e7ekinme hakk\u0131na sahiptir ve bunun sonucu olarak mahkemenin belge ibraz\u0131na ili\u015fkin kararlar\u0131na uymaktan da ka\u00e7\u0131nabilirler. Bu durum, yabanc\u0131 medeni usul hukukundaki benzer d\u00fczenlemeler bak\u0131m\u0131ndan da \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131yabilir; \u00f6rne\u011fin ABD hukukundaki \u201cduru\u015fma \u00f6ncesi delil ke\u015ffi\u201d (pre-trial discovery) s\u00fcre\u00e7leri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan.<\/p>\n<p>V. Sosyal G\u00fcvenlik Hukukundaki De\u011fi\u015fiklikler<br \/>\nSon olarak, Alman Sosyal Kanunu\u2019nun VI. Kitab\u0131\u2019nda yap\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen ek de\u011fi\u015fikliklerle, meslek hukukuna ili\u015fkin h\u00fck\u00fcmler ile emeklilik hukukundaki muafiyet h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin birlikte uygulanmas\u0131 sonucunda, Federal Sosyal Mahkemenin 3 Nisan 2014 tarihli kararlar\u0131ndan \u00f6nceki hukuki durumun hem ileriye hem de geriye d\u00f6n\u00fck olarak b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde yeniden tesis edilmesi ama\u00e7lanmaktad\u0131r. SGB VI\u2019n\u0131n 6. maddesinin 1. f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n 3. c\u00fcmlesinde, meslek odalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcye \u00e7evresinin s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z bi\u00e7imde geni\u015fletilmesi yoluyla muafiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131n kapsam\u0131n\u0131n geni\u015fletilmesini \u00f6nlemeyi ama\u00e7layan s\u0131n\u0131rlaman\u0131n, \u015firket i\u00e7i avukatlar\u0131n meslek hukuku kapsam\u0131ndaki tan\u0131m\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan uygulanmayaca\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011fa kavu\u015fturulacakt\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, de\u011fi\u015ftirilen BRAO h\u00fck\u00fcmleri uyar\u0131nca \u015firket i\u00e7i avukat olarak ruhsatland\u0131r\u0131labilecek ve zorunlu yasal emeklilik sigortas\u0131ndan muaf tutulabilecek ki\u015filere geriye d\u00f6n\u00fck muafiyet hakk\u0131 tan\u0131narak \u00f6nceki hukuki durumun ge\u00e7mi\u015f d\u00f6nemler bak\u0131m\u0131ndan da b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde yeniden tesis edilmesi ama\u00e7lanmaktad\u0131r.<br \/>\nKaynak: NJW-Spezial 12\/2015<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>At the end of April 2015, the Federal Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protection officially presented its ministerial draft bill on the reform of the law governing in-house counsel. The draft is primarily intended to resolve the problems that arose following the judgments of the Federal Social Court of 3 April 2014, in particular the [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":29,"featured_media":55787,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[139],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-55785","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news-en"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.0.1 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"At the end of April 2015, the Federal Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protection officially presented its ministerial draft bill on the reform of the law governing in-house counsel. 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