{"id":55975,"date":"2026-08-26T11:08:13","date_gmt":"2026-08-26T09:08:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.nzp.de\/?p=55975"},"modified":"2026-08-26T11:08:13","modified_gmt":"2026-08-26T09:08:13","slug":"hormuz-and-the-black-sea-a-lesson-from-history","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.nzp.de\/tr\/hormuz-ve-karadeniz-tarihten-bir-ders\/","title":{"rendered":"H\u00fcrm\u00fcz ve Karadeniz: Tarihten Al\u0131nacak Bir Ders"},"content":{"rendered":"

H\u00fcrm\u00fcz Bo\u011faz\u0131\u2019nda gerilim her artt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda dikkatler do\u011fal olarak enerji piyasalar\u0131na, deniz kuvvetlerinin hareketlili\u011fine ve seyr\u00fcsefer serbestisine \u00e7evriliyor. Ancak tarihin sundu\u011fu \u00f6nemli bir ders daha var. Stratejik su yollar\u0131 yaln\u0131zca bir bo\u011faza eri\u015fimi kontrol etmez. Belirli ko\u015fullarda b\u00fct\u00fcn bir denizin kaderini belirler.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Karadeniz bunun \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 bir \u00f6rne\u011fidir.<\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Bug\u00fcn uluslararas\u0131 kamuoyu H\u00fcrm\u00fcz\u2019e odaklan\u0131yor. Bunun temel nedeni, bo\u011faz\u0131n Basra K\u00f6rfezi\u2019ne a\u00e7\u0131lan kap\u0131 olmas\u0131d\u0131r. K\u00fcresel enerji ihracat\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc bu dar ge\u00e7itten ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiriliyor. Risk a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r: Bo\u011fazdan ge\u00e7i\u015fin kesintiye u\u011framas\u0131, etkileri b\u00f6lgenin \u00e7ok \u00f6tesine uzanan sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furur.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Tarih, benzer kayg\u0131lar\u0131n yeni olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor.<\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyunca \u0130stanbul ve \u00c7anakkale Bo\u011fazlar\u0131n\u0131n kontrol\u00fc, Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019na Karadeniz\u2019e eri\u015fim \u00fczerinde ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc bir n\u00fcfuz sa\u011flad\u0131. \u0130stanbul\u2019un fethinin ard\u0131ndan Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6netimi, yabanc\u0131 devletlerin Karadeniz ticaretine ve seyr\u00fcseferine eri\u015fimini giderek s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131ran bir sistem kurdu. Karadeniz hukuken hi\u00e7bir zaman uluslararas\u0131 bir deniz olma niteli\u011fini kaybetmese de bo\u011fazlar \u00fczerinden kontrol edilen m\u00fcnhas\u0131r bir stratejik alan niteli\u011fi kazand\u0131.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Uygulamada Karadeniz, kapal\u0131 bir deniz alan\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmeye olduk\u00e7a yakla\u015ft\u0131.<\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00f6lkerrechtliche Rechtslage des Kaspischen Meeres (Hazar Denizi\u2019nin Uluslararas\u0131 Hukuki Stat\u00fcs\u00fc) kitab\u0131n\u0131n yazar\u0131 olarak, stratejik \u00f6neme sahip deniz alanlar\u0131nda co\u011frafya, siyaset ve uluslararas\u0131 hukuk aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiyi uzun y\u0131llard\u0131r inceliyorum. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n tekrar tekrar ortaya koydu\u011fu sonu\u00e7lardan biri, dar bir ge\u00e7it \u00fczerindeki kontrol\u00fcn kimi zaman denizin kendisini kontrol etmekten daha \u00f6nemli oldu\u011fudur. Giri\u015f ve \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 d\u00fczenleme yetkisi, bir deniz havzas\u0131n\u0131n hukuki ve siyasi niteli\u011fini b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle \u015fekillendirir.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Modern uluslararas\u0131 hukuk d\u00fczeni k\u0131smen bu tarihsel ger\u00e7ekli\u011fe kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k olarak geli\u015fmi\u015ftir. Uluslararas\u0131 hukuk genel olarak seyr\u00fcsefer serbestisini esas al\u0131r ve stratejik ge\u00e7i\u015f noktalar\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcnhas\u0131r kontrol ara\u00e7lar\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesini \u00f6nlemeyi ama\u00e7lar. Ancak H\u00fcrm\u00fcz Bo\u011faz\u0131 hakk\u0131ndaki g\u00fcncel tart\u0131\u015fmalar, bu temel gerilimin ortadan kalkmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Karadeniz\u2019in g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki hukuki rejimini esas olarak 1936 Montr\u00f6 Bo\u011fazlar S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi belirliyor. S\u00f6zle\u015fme bilin\u00e7li bir denge kuruyor. Bir tarafta T\u00fcrkiye, \u0130stanbul Bo\u011faz\u0131, Marmara Denizi ve \u00c7anakkale Bo\u011faz\u0131 \u00fczerinde egemen devlet olarak \u00f6zel ve m\u00fcnhas\u0131r bir konuma sahip. Sava\u015f gemilerinin ge\u00e7i\u015fi i\u00e7in \u00f6n bildirim al\u0131yor, deniz kuvvetlerinin ge\u00e7i\u015fine ili\u015fkin ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar uyguluyor ve sava\u015f zaman\u0131nda veya kendisini yak\u0131n bir sava\u015f tehdidi alt\u0131nda g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde geni\u015f yetkiler kullan\u0131yor. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcmler T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye, Karadeniz\u2019e k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131 bulunan ba\u015fka hi\u00e7bir devletin sahip olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 stratejik bir ge\u00e7i\u015f kontrol\u00fc sa\u011fl\u0131yor.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Di\u011fer tarafta ayn\u0131 rejim, g\u00fczerg\u00e2h\u0131n temel a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 koruyor. Ticaret gemileri bar\u0131\u015f zaman\u0131nda, seyr\u00fcsefer g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve trafik d\u00fczenine ili\u015fkin kurallara tabi olmak kayd\u0131yla T\u00fcrk Bo\u011fazlar\u0131ndan ge\u00e7i\u015f serbestisinden yararlan\u0131yor. S\u0131n\u0131rlamalar esas olarak sava\u015f gemilerine y\u00f6neliyor. \u00d6zellikle Karadeniz\u2019e k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131 olmayan devletlerin sava\u015f gemileri tonaj, kal\u0131\u015f s\u00fcresi ve \u00f6n bildirim bak\u0131m\u0131ndan s\u0131n\u0131rlamalara tabi. B\u00f6ylece Montr\u00f6, Karadeniz\u2019i T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin kontrol\u00fcndeki bir ge\u00e7idin ard\u0131nda kapatm\u0131yor. Ticari seyr\u00fcsefer ile asker\u00ee g\u00fc\u00e7 projeksiyonunu birbirinden ay\u0131r\u0131yor. Ticaret a\u00e7\u0131k kal\u0131rken asker\u00ee eri\u015fim b\u00f6lgesel istikrar amac\u0131yla d\u00fczenleniyor.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

H\u00fcrm\u00fcz ile Karadeniz aras\u0131ndaki kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma bu nedenle yaln\u0131zca tarihsel bir benzerlikten ibaret de\u011fil. Her iki b\u00f6lge de deniz ge\u00e7i\u015f noktalar\u0131n\u0131n stratejik \u00f6nemini ortaya koyuyor. Eri\u015fimin en az toprak kadar \u00f6nemli oldu\u011funu hat\u0131rlat\u0131yor. Tek bir bo\u011faz \u00fczerindeki kontrol\u00fcn b\u00fct\u00fcn bir b\u00f6lgenin g\u00fcvenli\u011fini ve refah\u0131n\u0131 nas\u0131l etkiledi\u011fini g\u00f6steriyor.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Karadeniz\u2019in tarihi \u00f6nemli bir uyar\u0131 sunuyor. Denizler birbirinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z co\u011frafi alanlar de\u011fildir. A\u00e7\u0131k denizlere eri\u015fimleri \u00e7o\u011fu zaman onlar\u0131 d\u00fcnyaya ba\u011flayan dar ge\u00e7itlere ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu nedenle H\u00fcrm\u00fcz Bo\u011faz\u0131\u2019ndaki geli\u015fmeler yaln\u0131zca Basra K\u00f6rfezi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131yor. Seyr\u00fcsefer serbestisine ve k\u00fcresel ticaret yollar\u0131na eri\u015fime dayanan daha geni\u015f uluslararas\u0131 d\u00fczeni de do\u011frudan ilgilendiriyor.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Whenever tensions rise in the Strait of Hormuz, attention naturally turns to energy markets, naval deployments and freedom of navigation. Yet there is also a historical lesson worth considering. Strategic waterways do not merely control access to a strait. Under certain circumstances, they can determine the fate of an entire sea.\u00a0 The Black Sea provides […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":29,"featured_media":55976,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[139],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-55975","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news-en"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t